{"name":"itsguido open dataset","license":"Free to reuse with attribution to itsguido. Every value carries its verification date and official source.","countries":{"turkey":{"payroll":{"year":2026,"verifiedDate":"2026-10-01","minWageGrossMonthly":33030,"sgkCeilingMonthly":297270,"sgkFloorMonthly":33030,"employeeSgkRate":0.14,"employeeUnemploymentRate":0.01,"employerSgkRate":0.2175,"employerUnemploymentRate":0.02,"treasuryIncentiveRate":0.02,"stampDutyRate":0.00759,"wageTaxBrackets":[{"upToAnnual":190000,"rate":0.15},{"upToAnnual":400000,"rate":0.2},{"upToAnnual":1500000,"rate":0.27},{"upToAnnual":5300000,"rate":0.35},{"upToAnnual":null,"rate":0.4}],"severanceCeilings":[{"amount":64948.77,"from":"2026-01-01","to":"2026-06-30"},{"amount":73729.87,"from":"2026-07-01","to":null}],"sources":[{"itemKey":"turkey2026MinimumWage33030","item":"2026 minimum wage: ₺33,030 gross / ₺28,075.50 net","sourceKey":"turkeyCiteMinistryOfLabourCsgbOfficial","source":"Ministry of Labour (CSGB), official announcement","url":"https://www.csgb.gov.tr/Media/gm2fekds/asgari-%C3%BCcret-2026.pdf"},{"itemKey":"turkey2026WageIncomeTaxBrackets","item":"2026 wage income tax brackets (15% / 20% / 27% / 35% / 40%)","sourceKey":"turkeyCiteRevenueAdministrationGibIncomeTaxTariff2026","source":"Revenue Administration (GIB), 2026 income tax tariff","url":"https://cdn.gib.gov.tr/api/gibportal-file/file/getFileResources?objectKey=arsiv/yardim-kaynaklar/yararli-bilgiler/gelir-vergisi-tarifeleri/gelir-vergisi-tarifesi-2026.pdf"},{"itemKey":"turkeySgkCeilingRaisedTo9x","item":"SGK ceiling raised to 9x minimum wage; employer MYO share 12%; incentive points","sourceKey":"turkeyCiteLaw7566OfficialGazetteNo","source":"Law 7566, Official Gazette No. 33112 (19 Dec 2025)","url":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/12/20251219-1.htm"},{"itemKey":"turkey2026PremiumEarningsLimits","item":"2026 premium earnings floor ₺33,030 and ceiling ₺297,270 a month","sourceKey":"turkeyCiteSgkPremiumEarningsAmounts","source":"SGK, premium earnings amounts","url":"https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Content/Post/2e0c9e1a-2cfe-4456-af10-49d3de0c58ba/Prime-Esas-Kazanc-Miktarlari-2026-01-14-10-35-39"},{"itemKey":"turkey2026PremiumRates","item":"2026 premium rates: employee 14% and 1% unemployment, employer 21.75% and 2%","sourceKey":"turkeyCiteSgkEmployerPremiumRates","source":"SGK, employer premium rates","url":"https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Content/Post/c7812ea8-5087-413f-aeb5-d3c1d153e11a/Isveren-Prim-Oranlari-2026-01-13-04-52-38"},{"itemKey":"turkeySeveranceCeiling7372987","item":"Severance ceiling ₺73,729.87 for 1 Jul to 31 Dec 2026","sourceKey":"turkeyCiteTreasuryAndFinanceMinistryCircular","source":"Treasury and Finance Ministry Circular No. 5, 3 July 2026","url":"https://kmyd.hmb.gov.tr/duyuru/2026-yili-temmuz-ayina-ait-mali-ve-sosyal-haklara-iliskin-genelge"},{"itemKey":"turkeyStampDuty0759And","item":"Stamp duty 0.759% and minimum wage exemption mechanics","sourceKey":"turkeyCiteLaw73492022IncomeTax","source":"Law 7349 (2022), income tax code art. 23/18","url":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/12/20211225-2.htm"}],"notes":["No mid-year minimum wage revision was made in 2026, so a single parameter period covers the full year.","The Treasury incentive shown is the 2-point discount available to non-manufacturing employers in 2026; manufacturing workplaces keep a 5-point discount through 31 Dec 2026.","All premiums, employee and employer alike, are computed on the earnings base capped at the monthly ceiling; pay above the ceiling carries no premium.","Severance pay is income-tax exempt up to the ceiling but subject to stamp duty; severance accrual is not included in the employer cost shown here."]},"workPermit":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-02","minPaidInCapitalTRY":500000,"minAnnualNetSalesTRY":8000000,"minAnnualExportsUSD":150000,"turkishEmployeesPerForeigner":5,"feeOneYearPermitTRY":12574.9,"feeCardTRY":964,"sources":[{"itemKey":"workPermitEmployerEvaluationCriteriaCapitalSales","item":"Employer evaluation criteria (capital, sales, exports, 5:1 ratio)","sourceKey":"workPermitCiteMinistryOfLabourCsgbInternational","source":"Ministry of Labour (CSGB), International Labour Directorate criteria","url":"https://www.csgb.gov.tr/uigm/calisma-izni/calisma-izni-degerlendirme-kriterleri/"},{"itemKey":"workPermit2026WorkPermitFee12","item":"2026 work permit fee: ₺12,575 for one year, plus ₺964 card fee","sourceKey":"workPermitCiteFeesLawGeneralCommuniqueNo","source":"Fees Law General Communique No. 98, Official Gazette No. 33124 (31 Dec 2025)","url":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/12/20251231M5-28.pdf"},{"itemKey":"workPermitWorkPermitFramework","item":"Work permit framework","sourceKey":"workPermitCiteInternationalLabourLawNo6735","source":"International Labour Law No. 6735","url":"https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.6735.pdf"}],"notes":["The financial tests are alternatives: paid-in capital, net sales or exports. Meeting any one of them satisfies the financial criterion.","Certain workplaces are exempt from some criteria: liaison offices, sectors with special arrangements, and foreign shareholders above set thresholds follow their own rules.","A foreign partner who owns at least 20% of the company with capital of at least ₺500,000 falls under partner-specific criteria instead.","Fees scale with permit duration; the figures here are the standard one-year application.","Since 3 August 2026 the ministry waives the employment and financial criteria for up to three foreigners who have lived in Turkey lawfully for at least one of the last three years, and until the end of 2027 in listed manufacturing sectors; the tool shows the standard case."]},"rentCap":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-06","series":[{"month":"2025-07","ratePercent":41.13},{"month":"2025-08","ratePercent":39.62},{"month":"2025-09","ratePercent":38.36},{"month":"2025-10","ratePercent":37.15},{"month":"2025-11","ratePercent":35.91},{"month":"2025-12","ratePercent":34.88},{"month":"2026-01","ratePercent":33.98},{"month":"2026-02","ratePercent":33.39},{"month":"2026-03","ratePercent":32.82},{"month":"2026-04","ratePercent":32.43},{"month":"2026-05","ratePercent":32.24},{"month":"2026-06","ratePercent":32.03},{"month":"2026-07","ratePercent":31.9},{"month":"2026-08","ratePercent":31.79},{"month":"2026-09","ratePercent":31.49}],"sources":[{"itemKey":"rentCapCpiTwelveMonthAveragesMonthly","item":"CPI twelve-month averages, monthly series","sourceKey":"rentCapCiteTuikConsumerPriceIndexBulletins","source":"TUIK Consumer Price Index bulletins"},{"itemKey":"rentCapTheCapRuleForRenewals","item":"The cap rule for renewals","sourceKey":"rentCapCiteCodeOfObligationsLaw6098","source":"Code of Obligations (Law 6098), art. 344"},{"itemKey":"rentCapExpiryOfTheTemporary25","item":"Expiry of the temporary 25% residential cap on 1 July 2024","sourceKey":"rentCapCiteLaw7409TemporaryArt1","source":"Law 7409 temporary art. 1, not extended"}],"nextAnnouncement":{"publishes":"2026-11-03T07:00:00.000Z","dataMonth":"2026-10","capsRenewalsIn":"2026-11"}},"freelancer":{"year":2026,"verifiedDate":"2026-10-02","sources":[{"itemKey":"freelancerTax2026GeneralIncomeTaxTariff","item":"2026 general income tax tariff","sourceKey":"freelancerTaxCiteRevenueAdministrationGibOfficialTariff","source":"Revenue Administration (GIB) official tariff","url":"https://cdn.gib.gov.tr/api/gibportal-file/file/getFileResources?objectKey=arsiv/yardim-kaynaklar/yararli-bilgiler/gelir-vergisi-tarifeleri/gelir-vergisi-tarifesi-2026.pdf"},{"itemKey":"freelancerTaxExportServicesDeductionRaisedTo","item":"Export services deduction raised to 100 percent","sourceKey":"freelancerTaxCitePresidentialDecreeNo11257Official","source":"Presidential Decree No. 11257, Official Gazette No. 33239 (30 Apr 2026)","url":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2026/04/20260430-1.pdf"},{"itemKey":"freelancerTaxBagkur35753075","item":"Bagkur 35.75 / 30.75 percent with regular payment, base floor and ceiling","sourceKey":"freelancerTaxCiteLaw7566AndTheSgk","source":"Law 7566 and the SGK 2026 premium schedule","url":"https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Content/Post/e85649be-3a38-484f-8a82-95109bc7ccde/Bagimsiz-Calisanlarin-Prim-Tahakkuk-ve-Tahsilat-Islemleri"},{"itemKey":"freelancerTaxYoungEntrepreneurExemptionTry400","item":"Young entrepreneur exemption TRY 400,000; its separate premium subsidy abolished for new registrants from 2026","sourceKey":"freelancerTaxCiteIncomeTaxLawRepeatedArt","source":"Income Tax Law, repeated art. 20","url":"https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.4.193.pdf"},{"itemKey":"freelancerTaxFixedReturnStampDuties","item":"Fixed return stamp duties","sourceKey":"freelancerTaxCiteGib2026StampDutySchedule","source":"GIB 2026 stamp duty schedule","url":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/12/20251231M5-25.pdf"}],"generalTaxBrackets":[{"upToAnnual":190000,"rate":0.15},{"upToAnnual":400000,"rate":0.2},{"upToAnnual":1000000,"rate":0.27},{"upToAnnual":5300000,"rate":0.35},{"upToAnnual":null,"rate":0.4}],"bagkur":{"rate":0.3575,"discountedRate":0.3075,"minBaseMonthly":33030,"maxBaseMonthly":297270},"exportDeductionRate":1,"youngEntrepreneurExemption":400000,"fixedStampAnnualReturn":1189.5,"fixedStampQuarterlyReturn":791,"quarterlyReturnCount":4},"formation":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-02","minCapitalTRY":50000,"notaryAndRegistryTRY":{"low":16500,"high":28000},"competitionAuthorityRate":0.0004,"otherOneTimeTRY":{"low":11500,"high":24000},"totalFormationTRY":{"low":28000,"high":52000},"accountingMonthlyTRY":{"low":8000,"high":15000},"payrollPerEmployeeTRY":{"low":300,"high":800},"timeline":"timelineValue","sources":[{"itemKey":"formationMinimumCapitalTry50000","item":"Minimum capital TRY 50,000 (some 2026 blogs wrongly say 100,000)","sourceKey":"formationCiteTradeMinistryDecree7887","source":"Trade Ministry, Decree 7887","url":"https://icticaret.ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/anonim-ve-limited-sirketlerde-asgari-sermaye-tutarlari-artirilmistir"},{"itemKey":"formation2026AccountingTariffFloorTry","item":"2026 minimum fee tariff: bookkeeping for a limited company from TRY 3,606 a month, formation service TRY 5,209 (first group provinces)","sourceKey":"formationCiteTurmob2026MinimumTariffOfficial","source":"TURMOB 2026 minimum tariff, Official Gazette 33110 (17 Dec 2025)","url":"https://www.turmob.org.tr/arsiv/mbs/resmigazete/33110-2026-SMMMUCRET-TARIFESI.pdf"},{"itemKey":"formationCompetitionAuthorityLevy004","item":"Competition Authority levy 0.04% of capital","sourceKey":"formationCiteRekabetKurumu","source":"Rekabet Kurumu","url":"https://www.rekabet.gov.tr/tr/Sayfa/Kurumsal/on-binde-dort-paya-iliskin-bilgi"}],"notes":["The minimum capital does not have to be blocked at formation; it is payable within 24 months of registration.","Accounting fees below the TURMOB tariff floor carry disciplinary sanctions, so quotes under TRY 8,000/month are not sustainable.","Istanbul pricing runs above these bands; small towns below."]},"residencePermit":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-02","cardFeeTRY":964,"tryTariff":{"firstMonthMinTRY":653.7,"firstMonthMaxTRY":3359.9,"perMonthTRY":2232.3,"examples":"Serbia, Norway, Fiji"},"groups":[{"key":"g1","label":"Group 1 (~158 countries)","firstMonthUSD":25,"perMonthUSD":5,"examples":"USA, UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, India, China, Iran"},{"key":"g2","label":"Group 2","firstMonthUSD":14,"perMonthUSD":3.5,"examples":"Albania, Philippines, Israel, Japan"},{"key":"g3","label":"Group 3","firstMonthUSD":9,"perMonthUSD":2.5,"examples":"Belgium, Spain, Kuwait, Singapore, Jordan, Malta"},{"key":"g4","label":"Group 4","firstMonthUSD":7,"perMonthUSD":1.5,"examples":"Russia, South Korea, Ethiopia, Hong Kong"},{"key":"g5","label":"Group 5","firstMonthUSD":5,"perMonthUSD":0.5,"examples":"Morocco, Iraq, Egypt, Tunisia"}],"exemptNationalities":"Czechia, Denmark, Ireland, Kosovo, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkmenistan, Northern Cyprus, Palestine","notes":["Students at Turkish institutions and long-term permit applicants are exempt from the fee regardless of nationality; the card fee still applies.","Children under 18 pay half the fee.","No nationality is exempt from the TRY 964 card fee.","Temporary protection holders receive a free ID document instead of a fee-bearing permit card."],"healthInsuranceMinimums":{"instrument":"SEDDK Genelge 2024/34, 25 Dec 2024, amending Genelge 2016/16","inForceFrom":"1 April 2025","outpatientAnnualTRY":15000,"outpatientCopayContracted":0.2,"outpatientCopayOther":0.4,"inpatientContractedTRY":null,"inpatientListedPublicTRY":250000,"inpatientOtherTRY":150000,"priorOutpatientTRY":5000,"priorInpatientTRY":50000},"sources":[{"itemKey":"residencePermit2026CardFeeAndTry","item":"2026 card fee and TRY tariff; exempt nationality list","sourceKey":"residencePermitCiteMigrationManagementPresidency","source":"Presidency of Migration Management","url":"https://www.goc.gov.tr/belge-bedeli-ve-harc-miktari"},{"itemKey":"residencePermit2930Apr2026Fee","item":"Fees unchanged mid-year, as confirmed on 30 Apr 2026; set each January under the Fees Law","sourceKey":"residencePermitCiteMigrationManagementAnnouncement30Apr","source":"Presidency of Migration Management announcement, 30 Apr 2026","url":"https://www.goc.gov.tr/ikamet-izni-harc-tutarlari-hakkinda"},{"itemKey":"residencePermitFeeMechanicsAndMonthRounding","item":"Fee mechanics and month rounding","sourceKey":"residencePermitCiteFeesLawNo492Tariff","source":"Fees Law No. 492, Tariff No. 6","url":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/12/20251231M5-28.pdf"},{"itemKey":"residencePermitMinimumHealthInsuranceCoverFor","item":"Minimum health insurance cover for visa and residence permit applications, in force 1 Apr 2025","sourceKey":"residencePermitCiteSeddkGenelge20243425","source":"SEDDK Genelge 2024/34 (25 Dec 2024), amending Genelge 2016/16","url":"https://www.seddk.gov.tr/upload/Vize%20ve%20%C4%B0kamet%20%C4%B0zni%20Taleplerinde%20Yapt%C4%B1r%C4%B1lacak%20Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%20Sigortalar%C4%B1na%20%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkin%20Genelgede%20De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklik%20Yap%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1na%20Dair%20Genelge%20%282024-34%29.pdf"}]},"usLlc":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-02","stateAnnualUSD":{"wyoming":60,"newMexico":0},"registeredAgentUSD":{"low":35,"high":150},"filingPreparerUSD":{"low":300,"high":800},"formationOneTimeUSD":{"low":100,"high":500},"penalty5472USD":25000,"stripeCardRate":0.029,"stripeInternationalCardSurcharge":0.015,"notes":["US federal income tax is zero when the work is performed from Turkey with no US office, employees or dependent agent; the Form 5472 + pro forma 1120 filing stays mandatory every year with a $25,000 penalty for missing it.","Since the FinCEN final rule of 14 Aug 2026, US-formed LLCs file no beneficial ownership report even with foreign owners.","Turkey taxes the LLC's distributed profits as foreign dividends at the full progressive scale, with no export deduction and nothing to credit; leaving profits in the LLC is deferral with compliance risk, not a tax rate.","An LLC run entirely from Turkey risks recharacterization as Turkish-managed (25% corporate tax plus dividend withholding); practitioner warnings are explicit.","Stripe does not serve Turkey directly; PayPal left in 2016; Wise stopped serving Turkey residents in 2023. Payoneer and bank wires remain the sole-proprietor rails, and the export deduction anyway requires bringing the money home."],"sources":[{"itemKey":"usLlcZeroUsTaxWithoutUs","item":"Zero US tax without US-performed work; 5472 mechanics and penalty","sourceKey":"usLlcCiteIrsSourcingRulesAndForm","source":"IRS sourcing rules and Form 5472 instructions","url":"https://www.irs.gov/instructions/i5472"},{"itemKey":"usLlcBoiReportingPermanentlyDroppedFor","item":"BOI reporting permanently dropped for US entities","sourceKey":"usLlcCiteFincenFinalRuleEffective14","source":"FinCEN final rule, effective 14 Aug 2026","url":"https://www.fincen.gov/boi"},{"itemKey":"usLlcTurkishTreatmentOfLlcDistributions","item":"Distributions from abroad are taxed as dividend income, so the export services deduction does not reach them","sourceKey":"usLlcCiteRevenueAdministrationRulingForeignDividends","source":"Revenue Administration ruling on dividends from abroad (GIB ozelge 38879)","url":"https://www.gib.gov.tr/mevzuat/kanun/433/ozelge/38879"},{"itemKey":"usLlcStripeCountryListTurkeyAbsent","item":"Stripe country list (Turkey absent); PayPal exit 2016; Wise Turkey restrictions since May 2023","sourceKey":"usLlcCiteStripeComGlobalWiseHelp","source":"stripe.com/global; Wise help center","url":"https://stripe.com/global"}]},"phone":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-02","imei":{"feeTRY":54258,"year":2026,"previousYearFeeTRY":45614,"graceDays":120,"sourceKey":"turkeyPhoneImeiFeeSource","source":"Fees Law general tariff, Official Gazette 31 Dec 2025, tariff 8 section VIII"},"touristPacks":[{"operator":"Turkcell","name":"Tourist Welcome Pack","priceTRY":1800,"gigabytes":20,"days":28,"extras":"extrasTurkcellTourist"},{"operator":"Turk Telekom","name":"Welcome 25GB","priceTRY":420,"gigabytes":25,"days":28,"extras":"extrasTurkTelekomWelcome"}],"residentPlans":[{"operator":"Turkcell","name":"Esneyen Paket","priceTRY":430,"gigabytes":5},{"operator":"Turkcell","name":"Star+ 10 GB","priceTRY":800,"gigabytes":10},{"operator":"Turkcell","name":"Star+ 20 GB","priceTRY":1000,"gigabytes":20},{"operator":"Turkcell","name":"Platinum+ 50 GB","priceTRY":1400,"gigabytes":50}],"esimPlans":[{"provider":"Yesim","linkKey":"yesim","gigabytes":5,"priceUSD":10.8,"days":30},{"provider":"Yesim","linkKey":"yesim","gigabytes":10,"priceUSD":16.8,"days":30},{"provider":"Yesim","linkKey":"yesim","gigabytes":20,"priceUSD":25.2,"days":30},{"provider":"Yesim","linkKey":"yesim","gigabytes":50,"priceUSD":43.2,"days":30},{"provider":"Airalo","linkKey":"airalo","gigabytes":5,"priceUSD":10,"days":30},{"provider":"Airalo","linkKey":"airalo","gigabytes":10,"priceUSD":15.5,"days":30},{"provider":"Airalo","linkKey":"airalo","gigabytes":20,"priceUSD":22.5,"days":30},{"provider":"Airalo","linkKey":"airalo","gigabytes":50,"priceUSD":34.5,"days":30},{"provider":"Saily","linkKey":"saily","gigabytes":5,"priceUSD":9.99,"days":30},{"provider":"Saily","linkKey":"saily","gigabytes":10,"priceUSD":15.99,"days":30},{"provider":"Saily","linkKey":"saily","gigabytes":20,"priceUSD":22.99,"days":30}],"drimsim":{"linkKey":"drimsim","cardCostEUR":10,"pricePerMegabyteEUR":0.01,"note":"Billed per megabyte with no expiry, which works for very light use and is punishing for anything else. The per gigabyte figure shown is our own arithmetic from the published per megabyte rate."},"networkNotes":["Yesim states it rides on Turkcell, Vodafone and Turk Telekom; Airalo names Turk Telekom. Saily and Drimsim do not publish a host network.","None of these eSIM plans include a Turkish number or SMS. If you need a Turkish number for bank and government verification, you need a local SIM.","Several eSIM providers were blocked from Turkish networks in July 2025, so their apps and sites may be unreachable once you land. Buy and install before you fly."],"rules":["A handset brought from abroad works on Turkish networks for 120 days, then the network cuts it off unless the device is registered and the fee paid.","Buying a Turkish SIM pairs your handset to that number and starts the clock. A visitor who leaves within 120 days never registers and never pays.","Registration is done through e-Devlet by holders of a Turkish or foreigner ID, or at a tax office with a passport.","An eSIM does not start the clock in the same way as a local SIM, because it is data only and issues no Turkish number."],"sources":[{"key":"turkeyPhonemobilCihazKayitSistemiMcks","text":"Mobil Cihaz Kayit Sistemi (mcks.gov.tr): 120 day rule and registration channels","url":"https://www.mcks.gov.tr/sss"},{"key":"turkeyPhoneturkishOperatorCampaignPagesFor","text":"Turkish operator campaign pages for the tourist and postpaid packages"},{"key":"turkeyPhoneProviderPagesEsim","text":"Provider pages for the Turkey eSIM plans, read 27 Aug 2026"},{"key":"turkeyPhonefeesLawGeneralTariffOfficial","text":"Fees Law general tariff, Official Gazette 31 Dec 2025, for the registration fee","url":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/12/20251231M5-28.pdf"}]},"eor":{"meta":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-01"},"providers":[{"key":"deel","name":"Deel","monthlyFeeUSD":599,"annualFeeUSD":null,"feeNotes":"Published $599/mo headline. Deel's own Turkey page quotes an annual fee equal to about $496/mo; treat that as its calculator output, not a guaranteed quote. Fee includes onboarding, contracts, payroll and tax filings, benefits administration.","depositPolicy":"1-1.5x total monthly charges held as a refundable deposit per hire, invoiced before the start date.","requiresDeposit":true,"depositBasis":"totalCharges","fxSpread":0.0125,"turkeyNotes":"Onboarding 1-3 business days. Note: Deel's Turkey blog still quotes 2025 statutory figures (minimum wage, severance cap), stale by a year.","sourceUrl":"https://www.deel.com/pricing/","fetchedDate":"2026-10-01"},{"key":"remote","name":"Remote","monthlyFeeUSD":699,"annualFeeUSD":599,"feeNotes":"$699/mo month to month and $599/mo on an annual commitment, both carried on Remote's own pricing page. No setup or offboarding fees.","depositPolicy":"The most deposit-light of the group: reserves collected only in rare, high-risk circumstances per Remote's published policy.","requiresDeposit":false,"depositBasis":null,"fxSpread":0.0075,"turkeyNotes":"Turkey covered in the 90+ country EOR list; no Turkey-specific surcharge published. Uses a proprietary FX rate shown on invoices; the markup percent is not published.","sourceUrl":"https://remote.com/pricing","fetchedDate":"2026-10-01"},{"key":"oyster","name":"Oyster","monthlyFeeUSD":699,"annualFeeUSD":null,"feeNotes":"$699/mo published; annual discounts advertised without a published number, so none is assumed here. No extra charges for onboarding, HR consultations or offboarding.","depositPolicy":"Refundable deposit required to start; amount unpublished, reported at about one month of gross salary, returned ~30 days after offboarding.","requiresDeposit":true,"depositBasis":"grossSalary","fxSpread":0.0125,"turkeyNotes":"48-hour onboarding claim for Turkey. Its Turkey guide still shows a wildly stale severance cap figure, another vendor page that rotted.","sourceUrl":"https://www.oysterhr.com/pricing","fetchedDate":"2026-10-01"},{"key":"multiplier","name":"Multiplier","monthlyFeeUSD":499,"annualFeeUSD":459,"feeNotes":"Core plan on Multiplier's own pricing page: $499 per person a month billed monthly, $459 billed annually, plus a one off $6 background check. The Growth tier above it is $559 and $519 on the same terms.","depositPolicy":"Reported at about one month of gross salary as refundable working capital; not confirmed on Multiplier's own pages.","requiresDeposit":true,"depositBasis":"grossSalary","fxSpread":0.01,"turkeyNotes":"Turkey supported. No Turkey-specific pricing or onboarding time verifiable from its own pages.","sourceUrl":"https://www.usemultiplier.com/pricing","fetchedDate":"2026-10-01"},{"key":"rivermate","name":"Rivermate","monthlyFeeUSD":479,"annualFeeUSD":null,"feeNotes":"Published as a $319-$639/mo range varying by country and hire type; the midpoint $479 is shown here, so treat the number as indicative until quoted for Turkey.","depositPolicy":"Not disclosed anywhere on its pricing pages.","requiresDeposit":false,"depositBasis":null,"fxSpread":null,"turkeyNotes":"Turkey guide is current on notice tiers, but its 22.5% employer cost predates Law 7566, which puts 2026 at 23.75% before incentives. Onboarding claimed in days.","sourceUrl":"https://www.rivermate.com/pricing","fetchedDate":"2026-10-01"},{"key":"papaya","name":"Papaya Global","monthlyFeeUSD":499,"annualFeeUSD":null,"feeNotes":"Papaya publishes one EOR figure, starting from $499 per employee a month, and puts the quote itself behind a sales conversation. The earlier Full-Service and Premium tiers are no longer on the page, so treat this as a floor rather than a price.","depositPolicy":"Not disclosed publicly.","requiresDeposit":false,"depositBasis":null,"fxSpread":null,"turkeyNotes":"Turkey supported through the global payroll platform.","sourceUrl":"https://www.papayaglobal.com/pricing/","fetchedDate":"2026-10-01"}]},"liveRates":{"usdTry":49.1802,"asOf":"2026-10-06","source":"TCMB daily indicative bulletin, ForexSelling"},"marketSeries":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-06","depositWithholdingByMonth":[0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.075,0.075,0.075,0.075,0.075,0.075,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.15,0.15,0.15,0.15,0.15,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175,0.175],"currentDepositWithholding":0.175,"withholdingNote":"the up-to-six-month bracket applied per period: 5% before May 2024, then 7.5%, 10%, 15%, and 17.5% since July 2025, set as the standing rate by Decree 10041","months":["2021-01","2021-02","2021-03","2021-04","2021-05","2021-06","2021-07","2021-08","2021-09","2021-10","2021-11","2021-12","2022-01","2022-02","2022-03","2022-04","2022-05","2022-06","2022-07","2022-08","2022-09","2022-10","2022-11","2022-12","2023-01","2023-02","2023-03","2023-04","2023-05","2023-06","2023-07","2023-08","2023-09","2023-10","2023-11","2023-12","2024-01","2024-02","2024-03","2024-04","2024-05","2024-06","2024-07","2024-08","2024-09","2024-10","2024-11","2024-12","2025-01","2025-02","2025-03","2025-04","2025-05","2025-06","2025-07","2025-08","2025-09","2025-10","2025-11","2025-12","2026-01","2026-02","2026-03","2026-04","2026-05","2026-06","2026-07","2026-08","2026-09"],"usdTry":[7.3348,7.3841,8.3408,8.2459,8.5143,8.6959,8.429,8.3192,8.8945,9.4984,12.962,13.353,13.4257,13.8535,14.6635,14.8118,16.4171,16.6914,17.9261,18.2031,18.5521,18.625,18.653,18.732,18.8216,18.8986,19.1878,19.4618,20.7005,25.8696,26.9808,26.7138,27.426,28.2874,28.8728,29.4913,30.3497,31.2159,32.3436,32.3673,32.1918,32.8853,33.1431,33.9844,34.1825,34.2403,34.6417,35.3438,35.8274,36.4467,37.8337,38.4375,39.1329,39.8124,40.5858,41.0178,41.5816,41.9677,42.431,42.9229,43.4195,43.8789,44.4761,45.0502,45.7134,46.6586,47.4305,48.2613,49.0184],"gramGoldTry":[439.52,413.76,453.48,468.62,520.09,492.94,494.78,485.42,498.38,548.23,751.96,775.27,774.91,850.65,915.61,910.18,970.51,975.08,1010.55,1004.22,997.14,981.45,1051.59,1092.33,1164.21,1108.63,1221.28,1240.5,1307.38,1599.33,1709.45,1668.18,1649.34,1816.1,1889.47,1970.67,2003.49,2055.45,2302.64,2400.74,2430.42,2464.43,2585.41,2751.34,2890.3,3009.89,2952.62,2964.8,3239.14,3321.49,3736.24,4080.65,4123.66,4207.93,4304.55,4522.2,5113.97,5412.69,5717.38,6027.58,6954.51,7367.3,6589.66,6679.07,6622.78,6039.51,6140.27,7079.73,6581.76],"bist100":[1473.5,1471.4,1391.7,1397.8,1420.5,1356.3,1392.9,1472.1,1406.4,1522,1809.7,1857.7,2003.2,1946.2,2233.3,2430.6,2547.1,2405.4,2592.4,3171.2,3180,3979,4977.6,5509.2,4976.6,5237.3,4812.9,4617.9,4886.9,5759.1,7217,7917.9,8334.9,7514.1,7948.6,7470.2,8496.7,9193.7,9142.4,10045.7,10400.5,10647.9,10638.6,9833.2,9665.8,8863.9,9652,9830.6,10004.4,9658.7,9659.5,9078.4,9019.6,9948.5,10743.2,11288.1,11012.1,10971.5,10898.7,11261.5,13838.3,13717.8,12791,14442.6,13662.8,14121.8,13458.1,14334.1,11947.2],"cpiIndex":[513.3,517.96,523.53,532.32,537.05,547.48,557.36,563.6,570.66,584.32,604.84,686.95,763.23,799.93,843.64,904.79,931.76,977.9,1001.03,1015.65,1046.89,1084,1115.26,1128.45,1203.48,1241.33,1269.75,1300.04,1300.6,1351.59,1479.84,1614.31,1691.04,1749.11,1806.5,1859.38,1984.02,2073.88,2139.47,2207.5,2281.85,2319.29,2394.1,2453.34,2526.16,2598.91,2657.23,2684.55,2819.65,2883.75,2954.69,3043.23,3089.74,3132.17,3196.66,3261.72,3367.22,3453.09,3482.96,3513.87,3683.83,3793.05,3866.74,4028.47,4097.55,4137.88,4211.73,4289.4,4368.35],"depositRateAnnualPercent":[17.536,17.345,17.9475,18.884,17.9725,18.81,18.154,17.9025,19.12,16.438,14.5675,16.344,19.1,18.32,16.8975,17.032,16.9475,16.9275,17.452,17.4975,16.648,15.92,14.47,15.962,13.8075,12.54,13.594,13.74,12.555,22.418,21.6875,20.705,31.76,34.505,40.4725,41.422,42.2,42.8075,43.724,47.9675,50.034,49.5275,50.755,53.266,52.465,48.51,50.342,49.4625,45.806,45.7375,44.0525,49.6525,50.954,48.3925,47.85,44.804,41.8975,42.702,42.91,42.17,41.09,40.91,42.545,43.6925,43.182,46.125,43.66,41.9325,39.94],"sources":[{"key":"marketSeriestcmbDailyIndicativeFxBulletins","text":"TCMB daily indicative FX bulletins: https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/kurlar/ (XML archive, USD ForexSelling)"},{"key":"marketSerieslbmaGoldPricePmFix","text":"LBMA Gold Price PM fix official archive: https://prices.lbma.org.uk/json/gold_pm.json"},{"key":"marketSeriesyahooFinanceXu100IsDaily","text":"BIST 100 monthly closes from Yahoo Finance XU100.IS, since Borsa Istanbul sells index history only through its data service: https://query1.finance.yahoo.com/v8/finance/chart/XU100.IS"},{"key":"marketSeriestuikTufe2003100Index","text":"TUIK data portal, consumer price index table (2003=100) under price statistics: https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/tr/statistical-themes"},{"key":"marketSeriestuikTufe2025100Index","text":"TUIK data portal, consumer price index table (2025=100), used to chain 2026: https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/tr/statistical-themes"},{"key":"marketSeriestcmbEvdsSeriesTpTry","text":"TCMB weekly deposit rates (flow, weighted average), series TP.TRY.MT04, new TRY deposits up to one year, read without a key from the EVDS table: https://evds3.tcmb.gov.tr/charts/portlet/Njk4YjFkODBkNmMwM2YxNDg2MjQ0ZmUx/en; the monthly value is the mean of the month's Friday values"},{"key":"marketSeriesdepositWithholdingTaxStopajCurrent","text":"Deposit withholding (stopaj), the standing 17.5% rate since July 2025: Presidential Decree 10041, Official Gazette 9 Jul 2025, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/07/20250709-6.pdf; GIB guide to temporary art. 67, 2026 edition, https://cdn.gib.gov.tr/api/gibportal-file/file/getFileResources?objectKey=arsiv%2Ffileadmin%2Fbeyannamerehberi%2F2026%2F2026_Gecici67.pdf"},{"key":"marketSeriesdepositWithholdingTaxStopaj2024","text":"Deposit withholding (stopaj), the 2024 to 2025 decrees in the Official Gazette: 8434 (1 May 2024) https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2024/05/20240501-1.pdf, 8775 (1 Aug 2024) https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2024/08/20240801-1.pdf, 9075 (1 Nov 2024) https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2024/11/20241101-4.pdf, 9487 (1 Feb 2025) https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/02/20250201-2.pdf"}]}},"germany":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-01","incomeTax":{"basicAllowanceAnnual":12348,"firstZone":{"upTo":17799,"rate":914.51,"base":1400},"secondZone":{"upTo":69878,"rate":173.1,"base":2397,"carry":1034.87},"thirdZone":{"upTo":277825,"rate":0.42,"offset":11135.63},"topZone":{"rate":0.45,"offset":19470.38}},"solidaritySurcharge":{"rate":0.055,"exemptionAnnual":20350,"phaseInRate":0.119},"churchTax":{"standardRate":0.09,"reducedRate":0.08,"reducedStates":"Bavaria and Baden-Wuerttemberg"},"social":{"pension":{"totalRate":0.186,"ceilingMonthly":8450},"unemployment":{"totalRate":0.026,"ceilingMonthly":8450},"health":{"generalRate":0.146,"reducedRate":0.14,"averageSupplementaryRate":0.029,"ceilingMonthly":5812.5},"care":{"totalRate":0.036,"childlessSurchargeRate":0.006,"ceilingMonthly":5812.5}},"minimumWage":{"hourlyEUR":13.9,"appliesFrom":"2026-01-01","officialMonthlyGrossExists":false},"eurPerUsd":0.8874,"eurPerUsdAsOf":"2026-10-06","allowances":{"employeeLumpSumAnnual":1230,"specialExpensesLumpSumAnnual":36,"unemploymentPartCapAnnual":1900},"sources":[{"itemKey":"germanyIncomeTaxTariff2026","item":"Income tax tariff from 2026: zones, coefficients and rounding","sourceKey":"germanyCiteFederalMinistryOfFinanceWageTaxManual","source":"Federal Ministry of Finance, wage tax manual 2026, section 32a","url":"https://esth.bundesfinanzministerium.de/lsth/2026/A-Einkommensteuergesetz/IV-Tarif-31-34b/Paragraf-32a/paragraf-32a.html"},{"itemKey":"germanyWageTaxDeductionOrder","item":"Order of deductions and the composition of the provision allowance","sourceKey":"germanyCiteFederalMinistryOfFinanceSection39b","source":"Federal Ministry of Finance, wage tax manual 2026, section 39b","url":"https://lsth.bundesfinanzministerium.de/lsth/2026/A-Einkommensteuergesetz/VI-Steuererhebung-36-47/2-Steuerabzug-vom-Arbeitslohn-Lohnsteuer-38-42g/Paragraf-39b/paragraf-39b.html"},{"itemKey":"germanyContributionCeilings2026","item":"2026 contribution ceilings: 8,450 and 5,812.50 per month","sourceKey":"germanyCiteFederalGovernment","source":"Federal Government, contribution ceilings for 2026","url":"https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/beitragsgemessungsgrenzen-2386514"},{"itemKey":"germanyAverageSupplementaryRate2026","item":"Average supplementary health rate for 2026: 2.9%","sourceKey":"germanyCiteFederalMinistryOfHealth","source":"Federal Ministry of Health","url":"https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/beitraege"},{"itemKey":"germanyMinimumWage2026","item":"Statutory minimum wage from 1 January 2026: 13.90 per hour","sourceKey":"germanyCiteFederalGovernmentMinimumWage","source":"Federal Government","url":"https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/mindestlohn-steigt-2391010"},{"itemKey":"germanyEuroReferenceRate","item":"Euro reference rate, refreshed daily","sourceKey":"germanyCiteEuropeanCentralBank","source":"European Central Bank","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/eurofxref/eurofxref-daily.xml"}],"notes":["Tax class I only: single, no children, in the statutory health and care schemes. The other classes change the wage tax and nothing else, so the employer cost on this page holds for all of them.","The supplementary health rate is the official average. A given fund may charge more or less, and that moves both the employee contribution and the wage tax.","Saxony splits the care contribution differently, leaving the employee a larger share, which this page does not model.","The annual wage tax is a whole euro and the employer withholds a twelfth of it rounded down to the cent, so a year of payslips comes to a few cents under the annual figure."]},"georgia":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-01","pitRate":0.2,"pension":{"employeeRate":0.02,"employerRate":0.02},"smallBusiness":{"rate":0.01,"thresholdGEL":500000,"aboveThresholdRate":0.03,"vatThresholdGEL":100000,"notes":["Since 7 March 2026, Small Business Status takes effect on the day the application is submitted, not the following month.","Employment-like work for a single client who directs it like an employer can be reclassified out of the 1% regime to 20% income tax.","The status survives one year above the 500,000 GEL threshold (excess taxed at 3%); two consecutive years above it revoke the status from 1 January of the third year."]},"gelPerUsd":2.6025,"gelPerUsdAsOf":"2026-10-07","sources":[{"itemKey":"georgiaFlat20PitSmallBusiness","item":"Flat 20% PIT; small business 1%/3% regime","sourceKey":"georgiaCiteTaxCodeOfGeorgiaArt81And90","source":"Tax Code of Georgia, art. 81 and 90","url":"https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/1043717"},{"itemKey":"georgiaFundedPension222","item":"Funded pension 2+2+2, coverage and no-cap rules","sourceKey":"georgiaCiteLawOfGeorgiaOnFunded","source":"Law of Georgia on Funded Pension","url":"https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/4280127"},{"itemKey":"georgiaPensionBeforeTaxOrdering0","item":"Pension-before-tax ordering (0.784 net coefficient)","sourceKey":"georgiaCiteGeorgianPayrollPracticeConfirmedAgainst","source":"Georgian payroll practice, confirmed against accounting software documentation and worked payroll calculators"},{"itemKey":"georgiaSmallBusinessStatusMechanicsAnd","item":"Small Business Status mechanics and prohibited activities","sourceKey":"georgiaCiteRevenueServiceSmallBusinessGuidance","source":"Revenue Service of Georgia, Small Business Status guidance","url":"https://www.rs.ge/PersonsPreferentialTax-en?cat=2&tab=1"},{"itemKey":"georgiaSmallBusinessStatusEffectiveFrom","item":"Small Business Status effective from the application date","sourceKey":"georgiaCiteSpecialTaxRegimeAmendmentsIn","source":"Special tax regime amendments in force 7 Mar 2026"},{"itemKey":"georgiaGelUsdOfficialRate","item":"GEL/USD official rate","sourceKey":"georgiaCiteNationalBankOfGeorgia","source":"National Bank of Georgia","url":"https://nbg.gov.ge/en"}],"notes":["Georgia levies no social security beyond the funded pension: no unemployment, health or other employer charges."]},"serbia":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-01","pitRate":0.1,"nonTaxableMonthlyRSD":34221,"employeeSocialRate":0.199,"employerSocialRate":0.1515,"socialBaseMinMonthlyRSD":51297,"socialBaseMaxMonthlyRSD":732820,"rsdPerUsd":103.82,"rsdPerUsdAsOf":"2026-10-01","minimumWage":{"netHourlyRSD":371,"instrument":"Odluka o visini minimalne cene rada za period januar-decembar 2026. godine","legalBasis":"Zakon o radu, art. 112(2)","gazette":"Sluzbeni glasnik RS 78/2025, 12 Sep 2025","appliesFrom":"2026-01-01","officialMonthlyGrossExists":false,"monthlyGrossRSD":{"min":79797,"modal":88265,"max":92499}},"sources":[{"itemKey":"serbiaContributionRates199Employee","item":"Contribution rates 19.9% out of salary / 15.15% on salary","sourceKey":"serbiaCiteLawOnContributionsArt44","source":"Law on Contributions for Mandatory Social Insurance, art. 44 (Tax Administration text in force from 1 Jan 2026)","url":"https://purs.gov.rs/upload/media/2025/12/15/760519/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_-_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4_01012026.pdf"},{"itemKey":"serbia2026NonTaxableAmountRsd","item":"10% salary tax and the 2026 non-taxable amount RSD 34,221","sourceKey":"serbiaCiteLawOnPersonalIncomeTaxArt15aAnd16","source":"Law on Personal Income Tax, art. 15a and 16 (Tax Administration text in force from 1 Jan 2026)","url":"https://purs.gov.rs/upload/media/2025/12/15/760517/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_-_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4_01012026.pdf"},{"itemKey":"serbia2026ContributionBaseBounds","item":"2026 contribution base bounds RSD 51,297 / 732,820 a month","sourceKey":"serbiaCitePensionFundContributionBases","source":"Pension and Disability Insurance Fund, contribution bases","url":"https://www.pio.rs/sr/osnovice-za-uplatu-doprinosa"},{"itemKey":"serbiaMinimumLabourPrice2026Rsd","item":"Minimum labour price 2026: RSD 371.00 net per working hour","sourceKey":"serbiaCiteGovernmentDecisionSluzbeniGlasnikRs","source":"Government Decision, Sluzbeni glasnik RS 78/2025 (12 Sep 2025), under Labour Law art. 112(2)"}],"notes":["The contribution base is clamped monthly between the minimum and maximum for both sides; the salary tax has no cap.","The non-taxable amount applies in full for full-time employment."]},"kazakhstan":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-01","mzpKZT":85000,"mrpKZT":4325,"opvRate":0.1,"opvCapMonthlyKZT":4250000,"vosmsRate":0.02,"vosmsCapMonthlyKZT":1700000,"standardDeductionMonthlyKZT":129750,"ipnLowRate":0.1,"ipnHighRate":0.15,"ipnBracketMonthlyKZT":3063541.67,"socialTaxRate":0.06,"soRate":0.05,"soBaseMinMonthlyKZT":85000,"soBaseMaxMonthlyKZT":595000,"oosmsRate":0.03,"oosmsCapMonthlyKZT":3400000,"opvrRate":0.035,"opvrCapMonthlyKZT":4250000,"kztPerUsd":454.98,"kztPerUsdAsOf":"2026-10-06","sources":[{"itemKey":"kazakhstanNewTaxCodeRatesDeduction","item":"Income tax 10% up to 8,500 MRP a year and 15% above, 30 MRP deduction, 6% social tax","sourceKey":"kazakhstanCiteTaxCodeArts363403557","source":"Tax Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2025), arts. 363, 403 and 557","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2500000214"},{"itemKey":"kazakhstanSocialCodeContributions","item":"Pension 10% employee and 3.5% employer up to 50 MZP; social contributions 5% between 1 and 7 MZP","sourceKey":"kazakhstanCiteSocialCodeArts244To251","source":"Social Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, arts. 244, 245, 249 and 251","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2300000224"},{"itemKey":"kazakhstanMedicalInsuranceContributions","item":"Medical insurance 3% employer up to 40 MZP and 2% employee up to 20 MZP","sourceKey":"kazakhstanCiteMedicalInsuranceLawArts27And28","source":"Law on Mandatory Social Medical Insurance (No. 405-V), arts. 27 and 28","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/Z1500000405"},{"itemKey":"kazakhstan2026Mzp85000And","item":"2026 MZP 85,000 and MRP 4,325","sourceKey":"kazakhstanCite20262028BudgetLaw","source":"Law on the Republican Budget for 2026 to 2028, art. 7","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/Z2500000239"}],"notes":["Social tax fell from 11% to 6% and is no longer reduced by social contributions.","The employer pension ramp (OPVR) is 3.5% in 2026, rising to 5% by 2028, and applies to employees born in 1975 or later.","The income tax bracket is annual (8,500 MRP); this engine applies its monthly equivalent."]},"uae":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-01","expatIncomeTaxRate":0,"visaPackageAED":{"low":3500,"high":7000,"defaultValue":4500},"healthInsuranceAnnualAED":{"low":725,"high":10000,"defaultValue":725},"gratuityDaysFirstFiveYears":21,"gratuityDaysAfterFiveYears":30,"gratuityCapMonthsOfWage":24,"defaultBasicShare":0.6,"aedPerUsd":3.6725,"aedPerUsdAsOf":"2026-10-01","sources":[{"itemKey":"uaeGratuityRuleFederalDecreeLaw","item":"Gratuity rule, Federal Decree-Law 33/2021","sourceKey":"uaeCiteUaeLabourLawConfirmedAcross","source":"UAE labour law, confirmed across current guides"},{"itemKey":"uaeVisaPackageAndMandatoryHealth","item":"Visa package and mandatory health insurance ranges, Dubai mainland","sourceKey":"uaeCiteMohreGuidanceAnd2026Dubai","source":"MOHRE guidance and 2026 Dubai formation-firm fee guides"}],"notes":["Employees keep their full gross salary; the small ILOE unemployment premium (AED 60-120/year) is employee-paid.","Figures assume Dubai mainland; free zones differ slightly, and DIFC replaces gratuity with the funded DEWS plan at the same rates.","Typical packages split salary into basic plus allowances; gratuity follows only the basic part."]}},"bankingMatrix":{"verifiedDate":"2026-10-02","countries":["tr","ge","rs","ae","us","gb","de","es","pt","kz"],"noteKeys":["notesSources","notesDrivers","notesFintech","notesCurrency"],"rows":[{"country":"tr","institution":"Ziraat Bankasi","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"conditional; Ziraat's SWIFT page opens an account on a transfer from any bank abroad against a passport copy, a Turkish ID number, address, phone number and mother's maiden name, with no residence permit mentioned; the bank publishes no general eligibility statement for non-residents","remoteOpening":"partial; a postal route exists for opening from abroad (SWIFT transfer, then an originally signed letter with the passport copy posted to the branch); the in-app onboarding needs a Turkish ID card","minDepositOrBalance":"~TRY 30,000 (~US$625) initial deposit commonly requested from non-residents","monthlyFee":"no maintenance or monthly fee line in the bank's deposit account tariff (rows updated to 21 Jul 2026); charges are per transaction only","requirements":"for an account opened on a transfer from abroad: passport ID page copy, Turkish ID number, address, phone number and mother's maiden name, with the transfer order naming the currency, account type and branch","sourceNoteKey":"srcTrZiraat","rowKey":"trziraatBankasi"},{"country":"tr","institution":"VakifBank","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, conditional: passport + tax number usually sufficient, but branch discretion; policies vary between branches of the same bank","remoteOpening":"no remote route for foreigners; VakifBank Mobile onboarding offers only Turkish ID card and population card identity types, so a foreign national goes to a branch","minDepositOrBalance":"none fixed; some branches ask for US$2,000-5,000 deposit (sometimes temporarily blocked) from non-residents","monthlyFee":"TRY 0; VakifBank's tariff lists the account operating fee on all demand accounts at 0.00 TL (line updated 12 Mar 2024)","requirements":"for non-Turkish citizens the bank's AML policy verifies identity with a passport, a residence permit or a ministry-approved ID, plus address and contact details; no tax number or minimum deposit condition is published","sourceNoteKey":"srcTrVakifbank","rowKey":"trvakifbank"},{"country":"tr","institution":"Is Bankasi / Garanti BBVA (typical private banks)","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"Is Bankasi: yes; its expat page asks for a passport (a residence permit only if applicable), a Foreigner's ID Number or Tax ID Number and a Turkish address or the address in the passport, and states no refusal of non-residents. Garanti BBVA publishes no non-resident eligibility rule","remoteOpening":"Is Bankasi: partial; the app lists foreign nationals who meet its conditions with a Foreigner's ID Number and passport data but sends them to the nearest branch for the process","minDepositOrBalance":"high informal thresholds when they open at all","monthlyFee":"TRY 0 on demand TL accounts at both Is Bankasi and Garanti BBVA (Garanti's TRY 1,050 per six months applies only at its Northern Cyprus branches)","requirements":"Is Bankasi: passport not older than 10 years (or residence permit if applicable), Foreigner's ID Number or Tax ID Number, proof of a Turkish address such as a utility bill from the last three months or the address printed in the passport; opened at the nearest branch","sourceNoteKey":"srcTrPrivateBanks","rowKey":"trisBankasiGarantiBbvaTypicalPrivateBanks"},{"country":"tr","institution":"Wise / Revolut / Payoneer (fintech route)","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"no TRY route exists: Revolut is not available in Turkey at all; Wise serves Turkey residents for transfers but offers no TRY balance/IBAN; Payoneer works for Turkish residents receiving USD/EUR","remoteOpening":"yes (Wise/Payoneer signup remote for Turkey residents)","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"none (per-transfer fees; Payoneer receiving 1-3%)","requirements":"ID + selfie; note this route serves Turkey RESIDENTS getting foreign-currency access, it does not give a foreigner a Turkish account","sourceNoteKey":"srcTrFintech","rowKey":"trwiseRevolutPayoneerFintechRoute"},{"country":"ge","institution":"Bank of Georgia (incl. SOLO premium)","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, with a source-of-funds questionnaire; citizens of Russia and Belarus must first apply through kyc.bog.ge and cannot open a first account by power of attorney","remoteOpening":"partial, remote via notarized POA sent to Tbilisi (agent-assisted, 50-200 GEL service fee); fully hands-off opening has narrowed by 2026; in-person is smoother","minDepositOrBalance":"none mandatory for standard; SOLO premium tier expects meaningful deposits","monthlyFee":"~GEL 2-10/mo standard (~US$0.55) + GEL 10 opening fee; SOLO tier ~GEL 22/mo (SOLO tier, GEL 220/yr prepaid)","requirements":"Passport, source-of-funds questionnaire, Georgian phone number helpful; multi-currency GEL/USD/EUR standard","sourceNoteKey":"srcGeBankOfGeorgia","rowKey":"gebankOfGeorgiaInclSoloPremium"},{"country":"ge","institution":"TBC Bank (incl. TBC Concept)","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes; TBC publishes an opening procedure for people without Georgian citizenship: an international passport plus a self-declaration on the purpose of the account, signed at the bank; no separate non-resident rule for the Concept packages","remoteOpening":"partial; an expat can start in TBC Mobile Banking, but the opening is finalised in a branch with the original passport; the power-of-attorney form covers receiving services, not a remote opening","minDepositOrBalance":"none mandatory standard; Concept expects balances","monthlyFee":"comparable to BoG (~GEL 1.5-2/mo standard; Concept tier fee higher)","requirements":"Passport, source-of-funds; compliance interviews possible for non-residents","sourceNoteKey":"srcGeTbc","rowKey":"getbcBankInclTbcConcept"},{"country":"ge","institution":"Wise","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes for Georgia residents, Georgia IS on Wise's balance-supported country list (rare for the region); gives multi-currency balances + USD/EUR/GBP details, no GEL balance","remoteOpening":"yes, fully remote app onboarding","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"none; receiving in 22 currencies is free; the Wise card is not offered in Georgia","requirements":"Passport/ID + selfie, Georgian address","sourceNoteKey":"srcGeWise","rowKey":"gewise"},{"country":"ge","institution":"Payoneer","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes for Georgia residents","remoteOpening":"yes","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"$0 monthly; receiving 1-3%, annual inactivity fee if dormant","requirements":"ID; provides USD/EUR/GBP receiving accounts","sourceNoteKey":"srcGePayoneer","rowKey":"gepayoneer"},{"country":"rs","institution":"Banca Intesa Beograd","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes; the general terms in force 4 May 2026 open accounts to residents and non-residents on an application, an identity document, the documents AML rules require and a signed agreement, with a dedicated RSD sight account and FX account for non-residents","remoteOpening":"partial; the terms allow opening through an attorney with a power of attorney certified in the prescribed form; no online or video route is described","minDepositOrBalance":"none typical","monthlyFee":"opening free; non-resident RSD sight account RSD 220 a month, non-resident FX account RSD 120 a month charged only in months with activity (tariff in force 4 May 2026)","requirements":"identity document, the documents law and AML rules require, signed agreement; non-resident FX accounts in AUD, CAD, JPY, GBP, USD or EUR; on the non-resident RSD account e-banking is limited to utility and telecom bills up to RSD 60,000 per transaction","sourceNoteKey":"srcRsIntesa","rowKey":"rsbancaIntesaBeograd"},{"country":"rs","institution":"Raiffeisen banka Srbija","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, but the non-resident RSD current account needs a registration of stay issued by a Serbian authority and an employment contract with an employer registered in Serbia, and carries no cheques or overdraft","remoteOpening":"no; distance contracting is reserved for residents, a non-resident opens in person or through an attorney with a certified power of attorney not older than two years, in Serbian or with a sworn translation","minDepositOrBalance":"none typical","monthlyFee":"RSD 0 on the non-resident RSD current account and the basic payment account for non-residents (residents pay RSD 150 a month); opening free (tariff of 14 Jul 2026)","requirements":"signed request on the bank's form, identity document, a document showing residence or stay in the last year, a Serbian registration of stay, an employment contract with a Serbian-registered employer and the framework agreement; the same list for the FX current account","sourceNoteKey":"srcRsRaiffeisen","rowKey":"rsraiffeisenBankaSrbija"},{"country":"rs","institution":"OTP banka / UniCredit Srbija","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, both process non-resident requests; UniCredit noted for fast processing, OTP for good mobile app","remoteOpening":"no for non-residents: UniCredit's video-call onboarding is for Serbian residents; OTP takes an online application and finishes the opening in branch","minDepositOrBalance":"none typical","monthlyFee":"UniCredit basic payment account RSD 150 a month, Standard package RSD 350; OTP basic payment account RSD 150; non-resident e-banking at UniCredit is view only","requirements":"Passport, foreign address, possibly Serbian TIN","sourceNoteKey":"srcRsOtpUnicredit","rowKey":"rsotpBankaUnicreditSrbija"},{"country":"rs","institution":"Payoneer (Wise/Revolut NOT available)","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"Payoneer: yes for Serbia residents. Wise balances and Revolut are NOT offered to Serbia residents as of Aug 2026","remoteOpening":"yes (Payoneer)","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"$0 monthly; receiving 1-3%","requirements":"ID; USD/EUR/GBP receiving accounts, the standard freelancer route in Serbia","sourceNoteKey":"srcRsPayoneer","rowKey":"rspayoneerWiseRevolutNotAvailable"},{"country":"ae","institution":"Emirates NBD","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, conditional: savings account only (current account/chequebook requires UAE residence visa)","remoteOpening":"no, must enter UAE on tourist/visit visa and sign in branch","minDepositOrBalance":"AED 5,000 on the standard savings account; AED 3,000 on the Personal Banking Classic and Plus packages, AED 100,000 Beyond, AED 500,000 Priority","monthlyFee":"fall-below fee AED 26.25 a month when under the minimum (Key Facts Statement 01/2026)","requirements":"Passport + UAE entry stamp, proof of home address, 3-6 months bank statements / source of funds, sometimes reference letter","sourceNoteKey":"srcAeEmiratesNbd","rowKey":"aeemiratesNbd"},{"country":"ae","institution":"Mashreq Bank","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, conditional: savings only, with a passport and a two-month home-country bank statement","remoteOpening":"no, in-person","minDepositOrBalance":"AED 3,000 initial balance and AED 3,000 monthly minimum average on the Basic Savings Account","monthlyFee":"fall-below fees apply below tier minimum","requirements":"Passport + entry stamp, home-country statements, source of funds","sourceNoteKey":"srcAeMashreq","rowKey":"aemashreqBank"},{"country":"ae","institution":"FAB / ADCB / RAKBANK","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, conditional: FAB and ADCB savings accounts are open to non-residents; RAKBANK serves non-residents only in its Elite tier","remoteOpening":"no, in-person branch visit during a UAE stay","minDepositOrBalance":"FAB AED 3,000 minimum monthly balance; ADCB AED 5,000; RAKBANK Elite AED 350,000 relationship balance over three months","monthlyFee":"fall-below fees; otherwise usually none","requirements":"Passport, visit visa or entry stamp, three-month stamped bank statement; ADCB also asks for a letter of introduction from an existing customer of more than a year","sourceNoteKey":"srcAeFabAdcbRakbank","rowKey":"aefabAdcbRakbank"},{"country":"ae","institution":"HSBC UAE","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"conditional, realistic mainly via an existing HSBC Premier relationship (global Premier customers can be onboarded cross-border)","remoteOpening":"partial, cross-border referral for existing Premier clients; otherwise in-person","minDepositOrBalance":"Premier-level relationship balances (six figures AED)","monthlyFee":"none at Premier tier if criteria met","requirements":"Existing HSBC relationship, passport, proof of address/income","sourceNoteKey":"srcAeHsbc","rowKey":"aehsbcUae"},{"country":"ae","institution":"Wio / Liv / Revolut UAE (digital)","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"no: Wio needs a passport and a UAE work visa with an Emirates ID within 60 days, Liv a valid Emirates ID. Revolut has held CBUAE licences since 17 June 2026 but has not launched and the UAE is not on its sign-up list. Wise gives no AED IBAN to anyone","remoteOpening":"n/a for non-residents","minDepositOrBalance":"n/a","monthlyFee":"n/a","requirements":"Emirates ID = residence visa prerequisite","sourceNoteKey":"srcAeDigital","rowKey":"aewioLivRevolutUaeDigital"},{"country":"us","institution":"Chase","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, conditional: non-residents accepted with ITIN (or SSN) and a US physical address; no purely foreign-profile opening","remoteOpening":"no, in-branch visit required in nearly all cases","minDepositOrBalance":"$0-25 opening deposit","monthlyFee":"$15 a month on Total Checking, $0 with $500 of electronic deposits, a $1,500 beginning-day balance, a $5,000 average balance or a linked qualifying account","requirements":"Passport + second ID, ITIN, US address, in-person visit","sourceNoteKey":"srcUsChase","rowKey":"uschase"},{"country":"us","institution":"Bank of America","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, conditional: explicit non-US-citizen program; ITIN-based, requires US physical address; must NOT be a US citizen or green-card holder for that program","remoteOpening":"no, branch enrollment explicitly required for ITIN-based accounts","minDepositOrBalance":"$100 to open","monthlyFee":"$12 a month on Advantage Plus, waived with a $250 direct deposit or a $1,500 minimum daily balance (fee schedule of 7 Aug 2026)","requirements":"Passport, ITIN, US physical address, branch visit","sourceNoteKey":"srcUsBankOfAmerica","rowKey":"usbankOfAmerica"},{"country":"us","institution":"Mercury","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, for non-US residents who own a US LLC or C-Corp (business account); excluded by country of residence, a long list beyond sanctions that covers Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Pakistan, Nigeria, the Philippines and Vietnam among others; Turkey, Georgia, Serbia and Kazakhstan are not on it","remoteOpening":"yes, fully remote, no US visit ever","minDepositOrBalance":"$0","monthlyFee":"$0 (FDIC-insured via partner banks; free domestic wires)","requirements":"US entity (Delaware/Wyoming LLC typical), EIN from IRS, passport for each 25%+ owner, real business presence/website","sourceNoteKey":"srcUsMercury","rowKey":"usmercury"},{"country":"us","institution":"Wise (USD account details)","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes for residents of supported countries, who get USD ACH, routing and wire details remotely; USD details are not available to residents of Turkey, Serbia, the UAE, Russia, China, Pakistan and about 25 others; Kazakhstan is not excluded","remoteOpening":"yes, fully remote","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"none; conversion about 0.3 to 2% per transfer","requirements":"ID + selfie + proof of address in a supported country","sourceNoteKey":"srcUsWise","rowKey":"uswiseUsdAccountDetails"},{"country":"us","institution":"Payoneer (USD receiving)","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, residents of 190+ countries incl. Turkey, Serbia, Georgia, Kazakhstan get US-based USD receiving details","remoteOpening":"yes","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"$0 monthly; 1-3% receiving fees; ~$29.95/yr inactivity fee if dormant","requirements":"ID; best for marketplace/freelance income, not a full checking account","sourceNoteKey":"srcUsPayoneer","rowKey":"uspayoneerUsdReceiving"},{"country":"gb","institution":"HSBC Expat (Jersey)","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, designed for non-UK residents in eligible countries","remoteOpening":"yes, remote application","minDepositOrBalance":"£75,000 in savings or investments, or an existing HSBC Premier relationship with £10,000 to save or invest; the salary route is gone","monthlyFee":"£0 while the criteria are met","requirements":"Passport, proof of address, proof of wealth/income; note deposits protected only up to £50k under Jersey DCS, not UK FSCS","sourceNoteKey":"srcGbHsbcExpat","rowKey":"gbhsbcExpatJersey"},{"country":"gb","institution":"Barclays International (IoM/Jersey)","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, purpose-built expat banking, but effectively HNW-only: £100,000+ held or invested for main tiers","remoteOpening":"yes, online application","minDepositOrBalance":"£100,000+","monthlyFee":"£40 a month once the average balance stays under £100,000 for four consecutive months","requirements":"Passport, address proof, source of wealth","sourceNoteKey":"srcGbBarclaysInternational","rowKey":"gbbarclaysInternationalIomJersey"},{"country":"gb","institution":"UK high-street domestic accounts (Barclays UK, Lloyds, NatWest, Monzo, Starling)","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"no, effectively refused: domestic current accounts require a UK residential address (and usually UK residency); neobanks Monzo/Starling are UK-resident-only","remoteOpening":"n/a","minDepositOrBalance":"n/a","monthlyFee":"n/a","requirements":"UK address + residency proof; non-residents are directed to the offshore/international arms above","sourceNoteKey":"srcGbHighStreet","rowKey":"gbukHighStreetDomesticAccountsBarclaysUkLloydsNatwestMonzoStarling"},{"country":"gb","institution":"Wise (GBP account details)","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, the practical non-resident route: residents of ~70 countries get a GBP account number + sort code remotely","remoteOpening":"yes, fully remote","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"none","requirements":"ID + selfie; e-money safeguarding, not FSCS","sourceNoteKey":"srcGbWise","rowKey":"gbwiseGbpAccountDetails"},{"country":"gb","institution":"Revolut","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"no for UK non-residents at the UK entity, Revolut UK (full UK banking licence granted Mar 2026) requires UK residency; residents of EEA/AU/NZ/SG/JP/BR/US/CH sign up via their home-country entity instead","remoteOpening":"yes (in your own country of residence)","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"£0 standard tier","requirements":"Residency in a Revolut-supported country","sourceNoteKey":"srcGbRevolut","rowKey":"gbrevolut"},{"country":"de","institution":"Deutsche Bank","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"effectively no, requires German registered address (Anmeldung/Meldebescheinigung) and branch visit; true non-residents are turned away from retail accounts","remoteOpening":"no","minDepositOrBalance":"n/a","monthlyFee":"~€7/mo on standard packages (for residents)","requirements":"Meldebescheinigung, ID, often SCHUFA check","sourceNoteKey":"srcDeDeutscheBank","rowKey":"dedeutscheBank"},{"country":"de","institution":"Commerzbank / Sparkassen (typical branch banks)","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"effectively no, same Anmeldung + branch requirement; no non-resident retail product","remoteOpening":"no","minDepositOrBalance":"n/a","monthlyFee":"n/a","requirements":"German registered address","sourceNoteKey":"srcDeBranchBanks","rowKey":"decommerzbankSparkassenTypicalBranchBanks"},{"country":"de","institution":"N26","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"conditional: you must live in one of 21 supported countries (Germany, Austria, France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland, the Nordics, Ireland, Greece, Estonia, Slovenia, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Belgium, Iceland); Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia are not on the list; residence rather than citizenship decides","remoteOpening":"yes, video-ID, German IBAN in ~30 min","minDepositOrBalance":"€0","monthlyFee":"€0 standard tier","requirements":"Passport from accepted-document list, residential address in a supported country, smartphone","sourceNoteKey":"srcDeN26","rowKey":"den26"},{"country":"de","institution":"Revolut / bunq (EEA route)","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"conditional, EEA residency required (any EEA country); gives EUR IBAN (Revolut: LT or DE IBAN for German residents; bunq: NL/DE IBAN) without Anmeldung hurdles","remoteOpening":"yes, fully remote app onboarding","minDepositOrBalance":"€0","monthlyFee":"€0 standard (bunq paid tiers from ~€3-9/mo)","requirements":"EEA residential address + ID","sourceNoteKey":"srcDeEeaFintech","rowKey":"derevolutBunqEeaRoute"},{"country":"es","institution":"Banco Sabadell (Key Account)","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, flagship non-resident account; only requires legal age, valid ID, not on default list","remoteOpening":"yes, online start with a relationship manager call; activation can finish in branch","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"EUR 40 a quarter; EUR 0 for the first 12 months for new customers until 31 Dec 2026","requirements":"Passport, certificado de no residente (Spanish police certificate, €10.41, valid 2 yrs, bank can often obtain it for you), proof of foreign address","sourceNoteKey":"srcEsSabadell","rowKey":"esbancoSabadellKeyAccount"},{"country":"es","institution":"BBVA","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes; EU nationals with their home ID or passport plus the CUE, non-EU nationals with a valid passport, the whole process at a branch (page updated 23 Mar 2026)","remoteOpening":"no, branch visit typical for non-residents","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"€10-25/mo range for non-resident accounts unless waived (fee-free with ~€600/mo inflow at several majors)","requirements":"valid passport (non-EU) or home ID or passport plus CUE (EU), age 18 or over, not on a defaulters list, a mobile phone to validate; in person at a branch; no NIE or non-resident certificate is asked for","sourceNoteKey":"srcEsBbva","rowKey":"esbbva"},{"country":"es","institution":"CaixaBank (HolaBank)","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, conditional: HolaBank is the non-resident programme; Turkish, Serbian, Georgian and Kazakh nationals are not on the online-eligible list","remoteOpening":"online start only for nationals and residents of 18 listed countries (EU core, the UK, Canada, Norway, Switzerland), with a branch visit within six months; everyone else in branch","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"HolaBank Living Solutions package EUR 140 a year (EUR 35 a quarter)","requirements":"Passport, non-resident certificate, address proof","sourceNoteKey":"srcEsCaixabank","rowKey":"escaixabankHolabank"},{"country":"es","institution":"Wise / Revolut / N26 (EUR route)","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, any SEPA EUR IBAN works for most Spanish purposes (rent, utilities); Wise open to ~70 residencies remotely; Revolut/N26 need EEA residency; Spain-resident sign-up trivial once you have an address","remoteOpening":"yes","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"€0 standard tiers","requirements":"ID + supported residency; note some Spanish institutions still prefer a Spanish IBAN","sourceNoteKey":"srcEsEurFintech","rowKey":"eswiseRevolutN26EurRoute"},{"country":"pt","institution":"Millennium BCP","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes; people living abroad with a Portuguese Citizen Card open in the app or website, everyone else through the bank's representative offices in the UK and Switzerland or the Banque BCP branches in France","remoteOpening":"partial; app or website only with a Portuguese Citizen Card; otherwise a representative office or Banque BCP branch with certified copies authenticated by Hague apostille or a Portuguese consulate","minDepositOrBalance":"EUR 250 to open (EUR 150 for students aged 18 to 25 at a branch, EUR 50 for customers aged 18 to 35 opening digitally)","monthlyFee":"Millennium Account EUR 5.20 a month plus EUR 0.21 stamp duty (EUR 64.92 a year) unless the price list's exemption criteria are met","requirements":"valid ID, Portuguese taxpayer number (NIF), proof of address from the last 12 months (for a foreign address a tax statement or consular document) and proof of professional status from the last 6 months","sourceNoteKey":"srcPtMillenniumBcp","rowKey":"ptmillenniumBcp"},{"country":"pt","institution":"Caixa Geral de Depositos","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes; the Conta Base Extrato is open to adult private individuals, residents and non-residents alike","remoteOpening":"no for foreigners; online and app opening is reserved for Portuguese Citizen Card holders with fiscal residence in Portugal and a Portuguese mobile number, everything else in branch","minDepositOrBalance":"initial deposit commonly required (small)","monthlyFee":"Conta Base Extrato EUR 5.00 a month (EUR 60 a year) plus 4% stamp duty, covering one debit card, Caixadirecta access, three free branch withdrawals a month and free CGD-to-CGD transfers","requirements":"Passport, NIF, address proof, income proof","sourceNoteKey":"srcPtCaixaGeral","rowKey":"ptcaixaGeralDeDepositos"},{"country":"pt","institution":"Novo Banco","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, conditional: accepts non-residents but NO remote opening; must be physically in Portugal","remoteOpening":"no","minDepositOrBalance":"EUR 250 to open the Conta +351","monthlyFee":"from EUR 5.50 a month on the Conta +351 package","requirements":"Passport, NIF, in-person visit","sourceNoteKey":"srcPtNovoBanco","rowKey":"ptnovoBanco"},{"country":"pt","institution":"ActivoBank","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"no, digital onboarding requires a Portuguese address and residency card; unsuitable pre-arrival despite being the popular fee-free bank for residents","remoteOpening":"n/a for non-residents","minDepositOrBalance":"n/a","monthlyFee":"€0 (residents)","requirements":"PT address + residency card","sourceNoteKey":"srcPtActivobank","rowKey":"ptactivobank"},{"country":"pt","institution":"Wise / Revolut (EUR route)","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, SEPA EUR IBAN covers most needs pre-arrival; Wise remote for ~70 residencies; Revolut needs supported residency; PT-resident signup easy after arrival","remoteOpening":"yes","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"€0 standard","requirements":"ID + supported residency; note NIF-linked Portuguese IBAN still needed for some purposes (e.g. certain visa/utility flows)","sourceNoteKey":"srcPtEurFintech","rowKey":"ptwiseRevolutEurRoute"},{"country":"kz","institution":"Kaspi Bank (Kaspi Gold)","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, in person: IIN, local SIM, a document confirming the legal basis of stay; the card is valid one year","remoteOpening":"no without a residence permit: the card is opened only at Kaspi.kz offices; with a residence permit the app works","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"none on Kaspi Gold","requirements":"Passport, IIN, Kazakh phone number; citizens of Russia, Turkey, China and other OECD countries also give a home-country tax number and address","sourceNoteKey":"srcKzKaspi","rowKey":"kzkaspiBankKaspiGold"},{"country":"kz","institution":"Halyk Bank","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, conditional; a foreign citizen without a residence permit opens an account or deposit only in person at a Halyk outlet and, as a non-resident, gets one card valid 12 months","remoteOpening":"no; foreign passport holders cannot open online in the Halyk app and no account can be opened by power of attorney","minDepositOrBalance":"n/a","monthlyFee":"KZT 0 to open and close a current account; no monthly fee on an active account, only a dormancy fee after 12 months without transactions, up to KZT 1,000 a month (tariffs amended 15 Sep 2026)","requirements":"without a residence permit: foreign passport, Kazakhstan IIN (obtained at a Public Service Center), application form, a document proving the right to stay (employment contract, school or university enrolment) and a Kazakhstan address document (lease, property or temporary residence); with a residence permit: the permit, IIN and an address document","sourceNoteKey":"srcKzHalyk","rowKey":"kzhalykBank"},{"country":"kz","institution":"Freedom Bank Kazakhstan","kind":"kindBank","nonResidentCanOpen":"yes, conditional: no remote card opening for foreign citizens; AIFC eResidency participants activate fully online for a $49 programme fee","remoteOpening":"partial, only via AIFC eResidency; otherwise in-person with IIN","minDepositOrBalance":"none published","monthlyFee":"0 tenge to issue, use or top up; physical card delivery is charged","requirements":"IIN (in person or via eResidency platform), passport; compliance screening (esp. RU citizens)","sourceNoteKey":"srcKzFreedom","rowKey":"kzfreedomBankKazakhstan"},{"country":"kz","institution":"Payoneer (Wise/Revolut NOT available)","kind":"kindFintech","nonResidentCanOpen":"Payoneer: yes for KZ residents. Wise balances and Revolut are NOT available to Kazakhstan residents as of Aug 2026","remoteOpening":"yes (Payoneer)","minDepositOrBalance":"none","monthlyFee":"$0 monthly; receiving 1-3%","requirements":"ID; foreign-currency receiving only, no KZT product","sourceNoteKey":"srcKzPayoneer","rowKey":"kzpayoneerWiseRevolutNotAvailable"}],"notes":["Every row was checked in August 2026 against the institution's own pages where it publishes the rule, and against 2026 dated guides and law firm briefings where it does not. Mercury, N26, Sabadell, Kaspi and Chase come straight from the institution. Three rows rest on weaker ground and say so in their own note: the Barclays International fee detail, the Millennium BCP fee and deposit, and HSBC UAE.","Six things decide most outcomes here. Branch discretion matters more than policy in Turkey and Serbia, where the same bank can say yes at one branch and no at another; the state banks, Ziraat and VakifBank, are the Turkish route, while private banks now mostly refuse non-residents. The UAE is in-person only and offers non-residents savings accounts with real minimum balances, typically AED 25,000 to 100,000. Kazakhstan tightened hard: the IIN has been in-person only since February 2024, remote onboarding for non-residents ended by 2026, and Halyk requires a residence permit, leaving the AIFC eResidency route with Freedom Bank as the only partial workaround. Germany and the UK effectively refuse true non-residents at domestic retail banks, so what is left is N26 and other EEA fintechs in Germany, which still require EEA residency, and the British offshore arms, HSBC Expat and Barclays International, with minimums of GBP 50,000 to 100,000. US retail banks all want an in-person visit and a US address, so the genuinely remote routes are Mercury, which needs a US entity, and USD details from Wise or Payoneer. Georgia and Serbia are the friendliest traditional bank jurisdictions on this list, though the fully remote window in Georgia has narrowed to power of attorney and agent flows.","Fintech access follows residency, not nationality, and this is the August 2026 position. Wise balances are open to residents of roughly ninety countries including Georgia, the United States, the United Kingdom, the EEA and several Gulf states, and closed to Turkey, Serbia and Kazakhstan; Wise publishes the current country list itself and that list, not this table, governs your own residency. Revolut covers the EEA, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, Japan, Brazil and Mexico as of January 2026, and none of Turkey, Serbia, Georgia or Kazakhstan; its UAE status is reported inconsistently, which the UAE fintech row states outright. N26 covers about twenty four European countries and requires residence, though no Anmeldung in Germany. Payoneer reaches more than 190 countries on a receiving account model. Mercury is nationality agnostic outside sanctioned countries but requires a US LLC or C Corp and an EIN.","Currency context for August 2026: the dirham is pegged at 3.6725 to the dollar and the lari trades around 2.7. A TRY 30,000 minimum was worth roughly 620 to 690 US dollars through 2026, and lira figures move fast enough that any TRY minimum in this table is better read as an order of magnitude than as a price."]},"relocation":{"routes":[{"from":"tr","to":"de","mode":"modeRoadGroupage","perCubicMetre":{"low":100,"high":235},"minimumEUR":1000,"transitDays":{"low":10,"high":21},"confidence":"confidenceDerived"},{"from":"tr","to":"nl","mode":"modeRoadGroupage","perCubicMetre":{"low":95,"high":255},"minimumEUR":1000,"transitDays":{"low":12,"high":25},"confidence":"confidenceDerived"},{"from":"tr","to":"gb","mode":"modeRoadGroupageSeaAlt","perCubicMetre":{"low":105,"high":290},"minimumEUR":1200,"transitDays":{"low":14,"high":35},"confidence":"confidenceDerived"},{"from":"tr","to":"fr","mode":"modeRoadGroupage","perCubicMetre":{"low":95,"high":255},"minimumEUR":1000,"transitDays":{"low":10,"high":22},"confidence":"confidenceDerived"},{"from":"tr","to":"se","mode":"modeRoadGroupage","perCubicMetre":{"low":90,"high":210},"minimumEUR":1000,"transitDays":{"low":10,"high":25},"confidence":"confidenceDerived"},{"from":"tr","to":"ae","mode":"modeRoadGroupageSeaLcl","perCubicMetre":{"low":140,"high":330},"minimumEUR":1200,"transitDays":{"low":12,"high":22},"confidence":"confidenceDerived"},{"from":"ae","to":"tr","mode":"modeSeaGroupageRoadAlt","perCubicMetre":{"low":130,"high":310},"minimumEUR":1200,"transitDays":{"low":18,"high":35},"confidence":"confidenceEstimate"},{"from":"de","to":"tr","mode":"modeRoadGroupage","perCubicMetre":{"low":100,"high":255},"minimumEUR":1000,"transitDays":{"low":12,"high":25},"confidence":"confidenceDerived"},{"from":"gb","to":"tr","mode":"modeRoadOrSeaGroupage","perCubicMetre":{"low":110,"high":290},"minimumEUR":1200,"transitDays":{"low":15,"high":30},"confidence":"confidenceDerived"}],"volumes":[{"key":"studiooronebedroom","label":"Studio or one bedroom","cubicMetres":14,"low":8,"high":20},{"key":"twobedroom","label":"Two bedroom","cubicMetres":24,"low":18,"high":35},{"key":"threebedroom","label":"Three bedroom","cubicMetres":35,"low":28,"high":60},{"key":"fourbedroom","label":"Four bedroom","cubicMetres":44,"low":38,"high":60},{"key":"fiveplusbedroom","label":"Five plus bedroom","cubicMetres":58,"low":45,"high":75}],"customs":[{"country":"Turkey","ruleKey":"customsturkey","rule":"Duty-free import of used household goods on transfer of residence (yerlesim yeri nakli / zati esya). Conditions per the Ministry of Trade: at least 24 months continuous residence outside the Turkish customs territory immediately before permanently transferring residence to Turkey; the goods must be the person's own used household effects; and they must arrive with the person, before arrival, or within six months after, 'kisilerin beraberinde veya gelislerinden once veya alti ay sonraki sure icerisinde getirilip'. Short stays in Turkey do not break continuity (up to 6 months a year; stays up to 45 days count toward foreign residence)."},{"country":"United Kingdom","ruleKey":"customsunitedKingdom","rule":"Transfer of Residence (ToR) relief on import duty and VAT. GOV.UK conditions: 'you've been resident outside the UK for at least 12 consecutive months, prior to the date of moving'; 'You must have had the goods in your possession for at least 6 months before moving to the UK'; 'you're importing the goods within 12 months of coming to live in the UK'; and goods 'cannot be lent, used as security, hired out or transferred to another person within 12 months'. The paperwork is what gates the exemption, and it is where the schedule risk sits: you must complete form ToR1 and obtain 'approval from HMRC before claiming the relief', GOV.UK says 'You should ask for approval before using transfer of residence relief before importing your goods to the UK'. Approval returns a Unique Reference Number (URN) which must be handed to the mover; without it the shipment does not clear and accrues storage."},{"country":"Germany","ruleKey":"customsgermany","rule":"Ubersiedlungsgut relief from import duties. Zoll conditions: normal residence must have been outside the EU customs territory for at least twelve months before the move, 'der gewohnliche Wohnsitz vor der Ubersiedlung mindestens zwolf Monate ausserhalb des Zollgebiets der Union bestanden haben muss'; non-consumable goods must have been owned and used in the third country for at least six months, 'seit mindestens sechs Monaten in dem Herkunfts-Drittland vor der Verlegung des gewohnlichen Wohnsitzes in die EU benutzt worden sein'; clearance is only possible 'innerhalb eines Zeitraums von zwolf Monaten nach der Verlegung des gewohnlichen Wohnsitzes nach Deutschland'; and for twelve months from acceptance of the application the goods 'durfen insbesondere nicht verliehen, verpfandet, vermietet, verkauft oder verschenkt werden'."},{"country":"Netherlands","ruleKey":"customsnetherlands","rule":"Vrijstelling for verhuisboedel from outside the EU. Douane conditions, quoted verbatim: 'U woonde ten minste 12 opeenvolgende maanden buiten de Europese Unie'; 'U hebt de goederen ten minste 6 maanden in bezit en in gebruik'; 'U voert de goederen in binnen 12 maanden nadat u in Nederland bent gaan wonen'; and 'U gaat de goederen niet uitlenen, verpanden, verhuren of overdragen binnen 12 maanden na de datum waarop de goederen zijn ingevoerd.' The paperwork gates the exemption, and the process has a quirk worth knowing: you cannot file this yourself. Douane states 'Uw verhuisbedrijf doet de aangifte voor u via het aangiftesysteem van de Douane', the moving company files the import declaration with the exemption code."},{"country":"France","ruleKey":"customsfrance","rule":"Franchise de droits on transfer of normal residence to France from outside the EU. Conditions per Service-Public: 'Vous residez dans un pays hors UE depuis 1 an minimum'; the goods must have been in your possession '6 mois minimum'; they must be imported within 'les 12 mois qui suivent votre installation en France'; and you commit to 'ne pas vendre ou louer vos biens pendant 1 an apres leur entree en France'. All conditions must be satisfied for every declared item even where the move is split across several shipments, and the complete inventory must be presented at the first customs declaration."},{"country":"Sweden","ruleKey":"customssweden","rule":"Flyttsakstullfrihet, relief from customs duty and import VAT. Conditions: you must have had your normal residence outside the EU for at least one year, 'du har haft din normala bostad utanfor EU i minst ett ar', and intend to live in Sweden for at least a year; the goods must have belonged to you and been used by you or your household for at least six months before the move, 'sakerna ha tillhort dig och anvants av dig eller ditt hushall i minst sex manader fore flytten'; you have one year from settling in Sweden to bring them, 'du har ett ar pa dig att ta hem din personliga egendom for att kunna ansoka om flyttsakstullfrihet'; and for the first year after the exemption is granted 'du inte far salja, lana ut, hyra ut, pantsatta eller ge bort egendomen utan att forst anmala det till Tullverket'."},{"country":"United Arab Emirates","ruleKey":"customsunitedArabEmirates","rule":"Duty exemption for personal effects and used household items. Dubai Customs states: 'Personal effects and used household items brought into the country by the nationals residing abroad and foreigners coming for the first time for residence in the country shall be exempted from customs duty.' Conditions: the items must be used, not new, 'New personal effects and household items shall not be exempted'; they must be brought in the concerned person's own name; quantities must be appropriate for furnishing a house; nationals must show proof of residence abroad and foreigners must show work and residence proof. Anything the inspector judges new or in commercial quantity attracts 5% customs duty (plus 5% VAT)."}],"modifiers":[{"name":"Full packing (professional pack, materials and labour)","effect":"+15% to +30% on the base move price"},{"name":"Port to port instead of door to door","effect":"Deduct roughly GBP 600-GBP 1,800 (about EUR 710-EUR 2,125) of origin and destination services"},{"name":"Unpacking and placement at destination","effect":"+GBP 400-GBP 1,200 (about EUR 470-EUR 1,415)"},{"name":"Marine / transit insurance","effect":"0.6% to 4% of declared replacement value"},{"name":"Storage per month (Europe / UK / Turkey leg)","effect":"EUR 30-EUR 53 per m3 per month, or about EUR 410-EUR 770 per month for a whole shipment"},{"name":"Storage per month (Dubai / UAE self storage)","effect":"Small unit AED 199-450 (about EUR 47-EUR 106), medium AED 500-1,400 (about EUR 118-EUR 330), large AED 1,000-2,000 (about EUR 236-EUR 472) per month"},{"name":"Difficult access (shuttle vehicle, long carry, stairs, no lift)","effect":"No European or Turkish mover publishes a fixed band; the only published numbers are US-domestic. Treat as a quoted extra, not a formula."},{"name":"Peak season (June to September)","effect":"+10% to +20%"},{"name":"Flexible dates / shared part-load","effect":"-25% to -40%"},{"name":"Air freight instead of road or sea","effect":"3x to 4x the per-m3 surface rate"},{"name":"Customs clearance and brokerage line","effect":"EUR 80-EUR 250 on the Turkey-Germany road lane; EUR 295-EUR 708 for UK brokerage plus GBP 150-GBP 400 export documentation; about EUR 300-EUR 500 for UAE; EUR 400-EUR 600 as the Turkish movers' combined customs-and-documentation budget"}],"notes":"Where a mover publishes a price ladder by home size rather than a rate per cubic metre, the band is derived from that ladder: the lowest published price against its largest volume, up to the highest price against its smallest. Where two sources disagreed, the band was widened rather than averaged. Prices quoted in dirhams, pounds and dollars are converted at approximately AED 1 = EUR 0.236, GBP 1 = EUR 1.18 and USD 1 = EUR 0.87, mid market rates from mid August 2026; every source figure is also held in its original currency so the conversion can be redone. The route from the United Arab Emirates to Turkey is the weakest in the set, built from a published backhaul truck rate, a groupage rate per cubic metre and published sea transit, because no mover publishes a door to door household rate in that direction. The United Kingdom to Turkey route leans on a rate table that labels itself June 2024 and is used only as a port to port floor.","sources":["https://sirelo.co.uk/removal-volume-calculator/","https://www.movehub.com/advice/international-removal-costs/","https://www.kolayparsiyel.com/en/blog/shipping-from-turkey-to-germany-cost-guide-rates-routes-practical-advice-for-2026","https://canxansa.com/blog/turkey-to-germany-road-freight/","https://www.dimondmovers.uk/international-removals-cost-guide","https://www.ayslojistik.com/uluslararasi-evden-eve-nakliyat-fiyatlari-2026","https://www.ayslojistik.com/dubai-esya-tasima-fiyatlari-2026","https://www.ayslojistik.com/hollanda-nakliye-fiyatlari-2026","https://www.ayslojistik.com/isvec-esya-tasima-fiyatlari-2026","https://www.ayslojistik.com/almanyadan-turkiyeye-esya-tasima-fiyatlari-2026","https://www.ayslojistik.com/ingiltere-esya-tasima-fiyatlari-2026/","https://www.almanyalojistik.com.tr/uluslararasi-evden-eve-nakliyat-fiyatlari/","https://www.sirlojistik.com/turkiyeden-almanyaya-ev-tasima-fiyatlari/","https://www.myhomelogistic.com/hollanda-ev-tasima-fiyatlari-2026/","https://www.myhomelogistic.com/ingiltere-esya-tasima-fiyatlari-2026/","https://www.rsluluslararasinakliyat.com/uluslararasi-evden-eve-nakliyat-fiyatlari/","https://www.hiperlojistik.com/dubai-nakliye/","https://www.sahlojistik.com/dubai-nakliye","https://www.lojistik.tc/dubai-nakliye/","https://www.fxnak.com.tr/dubai-nakliye/","https://www.sayginlarnakliyat.com/dubai-nakliye","https://www.aglme.com/shipping-cost-to-dubai/","https://reefshipping.com/cargo-shipping-to-turkey-from-dubai-uae/","https://www.overseasremovals-uk.co.uk/article/overseas-removals-costs-uk-2026","https://moverdb.com/moving-to-turkey/moving-to-turkey-from-the-uk/","https://www.fantasticservices.com/cost-guides/removals/international-removals/","https://www.shipit.co.uk/international-removals-costs.htm","https://www.shipit.co.uk/customs-guides/dubai","https://www.doreebonner.co.uk/international-removals-pricing-explained/","https://sirelo.com/container-shipping/container-shipping-rates/","https://sirelo.com/international-moving-companies/international-moving-costs/","https://www.movebuddha.com/blog/moving-company-shuttle-fee/","https://ticaret.gov.tr/gumruk-islemleri/sikca-sorulan-sorular/bireysel/ev-esyasi-isyeri-nakli-muafiyeti","https://www.sirlojistik.com.tr/zati-esya-tasimaciliginda-gumruk-muafiyeti-sartlari-2026/","https://www.gov.uk/guidance/transfer-of-residence-to-great-britain","https://www.sevenseasworldwide.com/need-help/applying-for-tor1/","https://www.gbliners.com/transfer-of-residence-to-the-uk/","https://www.zoll.de/DE/Fachthemen/Zoelle/Zollbefreiungen/Aussertarifliche-Zollbefreiung/Uebersiedlungsgut/Voraussetzungen/voraussetzungen.html","https://www.douane.nl/onderwerpen/internationaal-spullen-verhuizen/spullen-verhuizen-naar-nederland-vanuit-een-niet-eu-land/verhuizing-naar-nederland/","https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F492/personnalisation/resultat?quest0=0"]},"relocationEvidence":{"routes":{"tr>de":{"evidence":"AYS Lojistik 'Uluslararasi Evden Eve Nakliyat Fiyatlari 2026' publishes a four-row table under the headers 'Hedef Bolge / Ulke', 'Ortalama Hacim (m3)', 'Tahmini Sure (Gun)' and 'Ortalama Fiyat Araligi (EUR)', whose first row reads 'Almanya ve Cevre Ulkeler | 15 - 20 m3 | 10 - 14 Gun | 2.200 - 3.500 EUR'. Dividing that published price band across its own volume band gives EUR 110-EUR 233/m3. The same page works its example on this exact lane, for 20 cubic metres described as an average 2+1 home moving from Turkey to Germany: 'Metrekup basina nakliye ucreti ortalama 120 EUR ise, temel tasima maliyeti: 20 m3 x 120 EUR = 2.400 EUR olarak hesaplanir.' Customs and insurance sit outside that figure, the page adding 'Bu tutara gumrukleme ve sigorta masraflari (yaklasik 400 - 600 EUR) eklendiginde toplam maliyet yaklasik 2.800 EUR ile 3.000 EUR arasinda degisecektir.' It also qualifies the table itself: 'Yukaridaki tabloda belirtilen ucretler genel birer tahmin olup, tasinacak esyanin detaylarina ve ek hizmet taleplerine gore degisiklik gosterebilmektedir.' Almanya Lojistik (almanyalojistik.com.tr/almanya-nakliye/) publishes a price list headed 'Uluslararasi Ev Tasima Ucretleri' containing '1+1 Ev Esyasi Tasima Fiyati | 1.600 - 2.500 EUR', '2+1 Ev Esyasi Tasima Fiyati | 2.800 - 4.200 EUR', '3+1 Esya Tasima Fiyati | 4.000 - 6.000 EUR' and '4+1 Esya Tasima Fiyati | TEKLIF AL', under the disclaimer 'Tahmini ortalama fiyatlardir. Size ozel fiyatlar icin teklif alin.' That list carries no volume column of its own, so read against RSL's 25 m3 and 35 m3 conventions its 2+1 and 3+1 rows give EUR 112-EUR 171/m3. ATTRIBUTION CORRECTED ON REFETCH: this citation previously credited Almanya Lojistik with an average per-cubic-metre rate of 120 EUR. That page publishes no average rate. It prints 120 EUR only as a floor, 'metrekup olcusune gore 120 EUR dan baslayan fiyatlarla sunulur', repeated in its FAQ as 'Metrekup basina 120 EUR dan baslayan ucretlerle'. The word 'ortalama' on that page attaches to the price list disclaimer, not to the rate. The average 120 EUR per cubic metre figure belongs to the AYS worked example quoted above. RSL Uluslararasi Nakliyat (rsluluslararasinakliyat.com/uluslararasi-evden-eve-nakliyat-fiyatlari/) publishes a country table under the headers 'Ulke', 'Tasima Ucreti (USD)', 'Tahmini Sure (Gun)', 'Tasima Turu' and 'Onemli Not', whose Germany row reads 'Almanya | 2500 - 4000 | 10 - 14 | Deniz Yolu, Kara Yolu | Gumruk islemleri dikkatle yapilmali.' The same page fixes the apartment conventions used above as '1+1 15 m3', '2+1 25 m3', '3+1 35 m3' and '4+1 45 m3'; taken at the 15 m3 and 25 m3 ends and at USD 1 = EUR 0.87, the Germany row is about EUR 87-EUR 232/m3. RSL's own euro price list, which is generic international pricing rather than a Germany rate, prints '2+1 25 m3 Esya Tasima Fiyati' at '2.500 - 3.900 EUR' and '3+1 35 m3 Esya Tasima Fiyati' at '3.500 - 4.900 EUR', both of which divide to exactly EUR 100/m3 at their floors. The published band of EUR 100-EUR 235 brackets these conventions: its floor is that EUR 100 figure, sitting below the AYS and Almanya Lojistik floors of EUR 110 and EUR 112 and above the EUR 87 implied by the RSL dollar row, and its ceiling sits just above the two highest derivations, AYS at EUR 233 and RSL at EUR 232. The transit low of 10 days is published by both AYS and RSL, which agree on 10 - 14 days. The high of 21 days is not published by any source fetched; it sits seven days above the ceiling both pages print, and is the dataset's own widening."},"tr>nl":{"evidence":"My Home Logistic 'Hollanda Ev Tasima Fiyatlari 2026' publishes a four-row table under the headers 'Esya Hacmi (m3)', 'Hizmet Kapsami', 'Ortalama Fiyat (EUR)' and 'Teslimat Suresi': '5-10 m3 | Parca Esya Tasima | 1.500 - 2.200 EUR | 12-18 Gun'; '15-20 m3 | 2+1 Ev Tasima | 2.800 - 3.800 EUR | 14-21 Gun'; '25-35 m3 | 3+1/4+1 Ev Tasima | 4.200 - 6.000 EUR | 15-25 Gun'; 'Ozel Konteyner | Full Kapasite | 7.000 - 9.500 EUR | 10-15 Gun'. Its worked example prices 15 m3 at a 'birim nakliye ucreti m3 basina 180 Euro', so that 'temel tasima maliyetiniz 2.700 Euro olacaktir'. Dividing the two home-size rows across their own volume bands gives EUR 120-EUR 253/m3, EUR 4.200 over 35 m3 at the floor and EUR 3.800 over 15 m3 at the ceiling. The same page places duties and insurance outside those figures: 'Gumruk vergileri ve ozel sigorta policeleri bu fiyatlara ek olarak hesaplanabilir'. AYS Lojistik 'Hollanda Nakliye Fiyatlari 2026' publishes 'Ev Esyasi Tasimaciligi | 2+1 Daire (Ortalama) | 2.800 EUR - 4.200 EUR' marked 'Gumrukleme Dahil', which carries no volume of its own; read against My Home Logistic's 15-20 m3 for a 2+1 it works out at about EUR 140-EUR 280/m3. AYS also publishes a full truck row at '22-24 Ton / 90 m3' for '4.800 EUR - 5.600 EUR', about EUR 53-EUR 62/m3, and describes its whole table as '2026 piyasa ortalamalaridir'. The band of EUR 95-EUR 255 brackets these conventions: its ceiling sits just above My Home Logistic's EUR 253 and below the EUR 280 implied by the AYS 2+1 row, and its floor sits below the ladder floor of EUR 120, between the household rows and the full truck rate."},"tr>gb":{"evidence":"AYS Lojistik 'Ingiltere Esya Tasima Fiyatlari 2026' publishes a four-row ladder under the headers 'Hizmet Turu', 'Hacim (m3)', 'Ortalama Fiyat Araligi (EUR)' and 'Teslimat Suresi (Gun)': 'Kucuk Hacimli Parca Esya | 5-10 m3 | 1.200 EUR - 1.800 EUR | 10-14 Gun'; '1+1 Ev Esyasi Tasima | 15-20 m3 | 2.200 EUR - 3.100 EUR | 12-16 Gun'; '2+1 Ev Esyasi Tasima | 25-30 m3 | 3.500 EUR - 4.800 EUR | 14-18 Gun'; '3+1 ve Uzeri Buyuk Ev | 40+ m3 | 5.500 EUR - 7.500 EUR | 14-20 Gun'. Its worked example reads '20 m3 (Hacim) x 150 EUR (Birim Fiyat) = 3.000 EUR (Taban Tasima Ucreti)', to which the page adds 'Gumruk Islemleri ve Evrak Yonetimi: 350 EUR' and 'Uluslararasi Nakliye Sigortasi: 150 EUR' for a 'Toplam Tahmini Maliyet: 3.500 EUR', so documentation and insurance are additional to the table. My Home Logistic 'Ingiltere Esya Tasima Fiyatlari 2026' publishes its own four rows: '5-10 m3 | Parsiyel Tasima | 1.200 - 1.800 EUR | 12-18 Gun'; '10-20 m3 | Grupaj Tasimacilik | 2.000 - 3.200 EUR | 14-20 Gun'; '20-35 m3 | Komple Konteyner / Tir | 3.800 - 5.500 EUR | 10-15 Gun'; '35+ m3 | Ozel Lojistik Cozumler | 5.800 EUR+ | 8-12 Gun', works its example at 'ortalama 150 EUR' per cubic metre, and states that the table rates already cover 'standart paketleme, gumrukleme ve kapidan kapiya teslimat'. Dividing each ladder across its own volume bands gives about EUR 100-EUR 320/m3 on My Home Logistic's grupaj and container rows and about EUR 110-EUR 207/m3 on the AYS home rows; the published band of EUR 105-EUR 290 sits inside that spread."},"tr>fr":{"evidence":"AYS Lojistik 'Uluslararasi Evden Eve Nakliyat Fiyatlari 2026' publishes, under the headers 'Hedef Bolge / Ulke', 'Ortalama Hacim (m3)', 'Tahmini Sure (Gun)' and 'Ortalama Fiyat Araligi (EUR)', the row 'Fransa ve Guney Avrupa | 15-20 m3 | 12-16 Gun | 2.500 - 3.800 EUR', which divides to EUR 125-EUR 253/m3. The same page works its generic example at '20 m3 x 120 EUR = 2.400 EUR' and adds roughly 400-600 EUR of customs and insurance on top, but it prints no per-cubic-metre rate for France on its own. RSL Uluslararasi Nakliyat's country table gives France as '2700 - 4500' USD over '10 - 15' days by 'Deniz Yolu, Kara Yolu', with the note 'Gumruk vergileri degisken olabilir', and the same page fixes its apartment conventions as '1+1 15 m3', '2+1 25 m3', '3+1 35 m3' and '4+1 45 m3'; taken at the 15 m3 and 25 m3 ends and at USD 1 = EUR 0.87, that is about EUR 94-EUR 260/m3. No page fetched publishes a direct per-m3 rate for this lane specifically, so the band is derived from the two ladders and widened to EUR 95-EUR 255. The transit low of 10 days is RSL's published figure; the high of 22 days is not published anywhere, it sits above both published ceilings, AYS at 16 days and RSL at 15 days, and is the dataset's own widening."},"tr>se":{"evidence":"AYS Lojistik 'Isvec Esya Tasima Fiyatlari 2026' publishes the fullest ladder of any source found, under the headers 'Konut / Hizmet Tipi', 'Ortalama Hacim (m3)', 'Tahmini Teslimat Suresi' and 'Ortalama Fiyat (Euro)': 'Parca Esya Tasimaciligi | 5-10 m3 | 10-14 Gun | 1.200 EUR - 1.800 EUR'; '1+1 Daire Esya Tasima | 15-20 m3 | 12-16 Gun | 2.200 EUR - 3.100 EUR'; '2+1 Daire Esya Tasima | 25-35 m3 | 12-18 Gun | 3.400 EUR - 4.600 EUR'; '3+1 ve Uzeri Mustakil Ev | 40-55 m3 | 14-20 Gun | 4.800 EUR - 6.500 EUR'. Its worked example reads 'ortalama metrekup fiyati 130 Euro olarak baz alindiginda temel nakliye maliyeti 2.600 Euro', and the page states that it is 'kapidan kapiya teslimat secenegi sunarak tum gumruk ve tasima sureclerini tek bir fiyata dahil', door to door with all customs and transport in one price. Dividing the three home rows across their own volume bands gives about EUR 87-EUR 207/m3, EUR 4.800 over 55 m3 at the floor and EUR 3.100 over 15 m3 at the ceiling, which is the basis for the EUR 90-EUR 210 band, with the ceiling rounded out to 210 and the floor lifted to 90. The transit range of 10-25 days takes its low from the partial goods row and raises its high above the published ceiling of 20 days."},"tr>ae":{"evidence":"AYS Lojistik 'Dubai Esya Tasima Fiyatlari 2026' publishes a four-row table under the headers 'Hizmet Tipi ve Hacim', 'Tasima Turu', 'Ortalama Fiyat Araligi (EUR)' and 'Tahmini Teslim Suresi': '1+1 Ev Esyasi (10-15 m3) | Parsiyel Deniz Yolu | 2.500 EUR - 3.800 EUR | 30-45 Gun'; '2+1 Ev Esyasi (18-25 m3) | Konteyner (20ft FCL) | 4.200 EUR - 5.900 EUR | 25-40 Gun'; '3+1 Ev Esyasi (30-45 m3) | Konteyner (40ft FCL) | 6.500 EUR - 8.900 EUR | 25-40 Gun'; 'Zati Esya ve Koli Gonderimi (1-5 m3) | Parsiyel / Hava Yolu | 1.200 EUR - 2.200 EUR | 7-15 Gun'. Its worked example for 15 m3 reads 'Navlun Bedeli (m3 basina 160 EUR): 15 x 160 = 2.400 EUR', plus 'Gumrukleme ve Evrak Islemleri: 450 EUR' and 'Ambalajlama ve Iscilik: 350 EUR', for a total the page puts at '3.200 EUR civarinda gerceklesecektir', which is about EUR 213/m3 all in on a 15 m3 load. Dividing the two container rows across their own volume bands gives EUR 144-EUR 328/m3. AGL (aglme.com, 4 Nov 2025) publishes door to door cargo from China, India and Turkey at 'AED 900 - 2,200 per CBM' and sea LCL at 'AED 550 - 1,250 per CBM', with sea transit of '15-35 days (depending on origin)'; at AED 1 = EUR 0.236 those are about EUR 212-EUR 519/m3 door to door and about EUR 130-EUR 295/m3 for LCL. The published band of EUR 140-EUR 330 tracks the AYS container derivation and the lower AGL LCL range, while AGL's door to door ceiling runs well above it and is not carried into the band."},"ae>tr":{"evidence":"NO SOURCE FETCHED PUBLISHES A DOOR TO DOOR PER CUBIC METRE HOUSEHOLD BAND FOR THIS DIRECTION. This entry is flagged estimate and should carry a wider disclaimer in the calculator. What is actually published is the following. Sayginlar Nakliyat ('Dubai Nakliye Fiyatlari 2026', sayginlarnakliyat.com/dubai-nakliye, no visible date on the page, metadata giving 28 April 2019 published and 6 April 2026 modified) publishes the backhaul full truck rate as 'Dubai > Turkiye navlun bedeli tir fiyatlari 5.500 USD'. Its outbound figures do not agree with one another: the price list row for Istanbul to Dubai reads '6.800 USD Nakliye Fiyati', while the prose lower down prices the same lane as 'Turkiye / Istanbul > Dubai / Sharjah navlun bedeli ihracatta 8.500 USD direk aktarmasiz gitmekteyiz', with 'Iran / Bazargan aktarmali olursa 6.500 USD'. The size of the backhaul discount therefore depends on which outbound number it is set against: 5.500 USD is about 19 percent below the 6.800 list row, about 15 percent below the 6.500 transshipment figure and about 35 percent below the 8.500 direct figure, so the earlier reading of roughly 15 to 20 percent holds only against the two lower outbound quotes. The same page prices container freight out of Mersin as 'Mersin > Dubai konteyner navlunlari 2.400usd' with 'Transit sure : 25 gun', and puts road transit at 'Ortalama tasima suresi 6 - 7 gun arasinda degismekte' and 'Ortalama transit sure / varisi 8-10 gundur'. Every one of those prices the outbound leg. The only per cubic metre rate the page carries, 'Parsiyel Yuk: Metrekup basina 50-70 USD civarinda', sits under the heading 'Ortalama Dubai Konteyner Kiralama Fiyatlari' in a block whose direction line reads Turkiye'den (Istanbul) Dubai'ye, from Turkey to Dubai, so it does not price this direction either. Note also that this is a commercial freight page rather than a removals page: the Turkish words for household goods and home moving, esya, evden eve, konut and kisisel, appear nowhere on it, and the 5.500 USD backhaul is a whole vehicle rate with no volume published against it, so at USD 1 = EUR 0.87 it converts to about EUR 4,785 for a full truck and cannot be reduced to a rate per cubic metre. AGL (aglme.com/shipping-cost-to-dubai/, dated 4 November 2025) publishes sea LCL at 'LCL (Less than Container Load): AED 550 - 1,250 per CBM', container freight at 'FCL 20ft Container: AED 3,500 - 15,000' and 'FCL 40ft Container: AED 5,500 - 18,500', a sea 'Transit Time: 15-35 days (depending on origin)', and a door to door rate 'From China / India / Turkey: AED 900 - 2,200 per CBM' on a service the page describes as ideal for personal effects. At AED 1 = EUR 0.236 the LCL band is about EUR 130 to EUR 295 per m3 and the door to door band about EUR 212 to EUR 519 per m3. Direction matters here and cuts against this entry: every AGL figure is priced into Dubai, not out of it. The page states only that 'We handle imports to Dubai and exports from the UAE across global trade hubs' and prints no outbound rate at all, so its LCL band is being read backwards as a proxy for the UAE to Turkey leg rather than quoted as a published figure for it. Reef Shipping ('Cargo Shipping to Turkey from Dubai, UAE', reefshipping.com, page metadata dated 27 February 2026) is the only source found that sells this exact direction as a household move, listing door to door collection from Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah and the other UAE cities into Turkey and answering its own questions with 'Yes, we specialize in household goods shipping' and 'Yes, LCL (shared container) shipping is available to reduce freight costs'. It publishes no rate of any kind: the only AED and CBM strings on the page are field labels inside a quote calculator that returns nothing without a submitted form. What it does publish is transit, under the question 'How long does shipping from Dubai to Turkey take?': 'Sea freight typically takes 18-30 days. Air freight takes approximately 3-6 days depending on the destination city.' The published entry follows from those three pages in this way. The floor of EUR 130 per m3 is AGL's AED 550 converted at AED 1 = EUR 0.236. The ceiling of EUR 310 sits just above AGL's converted LCL ceiling of about EUR 295 and inside the lower part of its converted door to door band, which is where a door to door rate on this lane ought to fall. The transit low of 18 days is Reef Shipping's published sea floor and the high of 35 days is AGL's published sea ceiling, with Sayginlar's 25 day container figure sitting between them. The minimum of EUR 1,200 is published by no source fetched for this direction and is carried across from the outbound lane. Apart from the transit range, every part of this entry rests on figures published for the opposite direction, which is why it is marked estimate rather than derived."},"de>tr":{"evidence":"AYS Lojistik 'Almanya'dan Turkiye'ye Esya Tasima Fiyatlari 2026' publishes a direction-specific table under the headers 'Esya Hacmi (m3)', 'Ortalama Fiyat Araligi (EUR)', 'Tahmini Varis Suresi' and 'Hizmet Tipi': '5 - 10 m3 | 1.200 EUR - 1.800 EUR | 10 - 15 Gun | Parsiyel (Grupaj)'; '15 - 25 m3 | 2.500 EUR - 3.800 EUR | 12 - 18 Gun | Standart Ev Tasima'; '30 - 45 m3 | 4.500 EUR - 6.500 EUR | 14 - 20 Gun | Tam Konteyner/Tir'; '50+ m3 | 7.000 EUR ve Uzeri | 15 - 22 Gun | Ozel Proje Tasima'. The page works a per cubic metre example for a standard 2+1: 'Ornegin, standart 2+1 bir evin esyasi ortalama 25-30 m3 gelmektedir. Eger m3 basina birim fiyat 120 EUR olarak belirlendiyse, hesaplama su sekilde yapilir: 30 m3 x 120 EUR = 3.600 EUR.' Dividing the two middle rows across their own volume bands gives EUR 100 to EUR 253 per m3. The page qualifies the table with 'Tabloda sunulan rakamlar genel piyasa kosullarini temsil etmektedir' and warns that customs duties and extra insurance may fall outside the quoted prices: 'Ozellikle gumruk vergileri ve ek sigorta primleri bu fiyatlara dahil edilmeyebilir.'"},"gb>tr":{"evidence":"No UK mover fetched publishes a door to door per cubic metre ladder for Turkey. The closest route-specific published data is MoverDB's 'Moving to Turkey from The UK' page, stamped 'Last Updated: May 15, 2026', whose table carries the headers 'Origin Port', 'Destination City', '20-foot Container (GBP)' and '40-foot Container (GBP)' and prints 'London | Istanbul | GBP 1,900 - GBP 2,400 | GBP 3,600 - GBP 4,400' and 'Southampton | Antalya | GBP 1,900 - GBP 2,400 | GBP 3,700 - GBP 4,500', alongside 'Dover | Istanbul | GBP 2,000 - GBP 2,500 | GBP 3,800 - GBP 4,600' and 'Liverpool | Ankara | GBP 2,400 - GBP 2,900 | GBP 4,400 - GBP 5,300'. The page itself labels these figures stale: 'The rates above are estimates only and may have changed since the time this article was updated (June 2024).' At roughly 26 months old, and priced port to port for container carriage rather than for a door to door household move, these figures are used only as a port to port floor; they do not by themselves establish the door to door per cubic metre band."}},"volumes":{"studiooronebedroom":{"evidence":"Sirelo UK volume calculator (sirelo.co.uk/removal-volume-calculator/, stamped 'Last updated: August 2026.') prints 'Studio / 1 Bedroom' with a typical volume of '12' and a range of '10 - 15' m3, given in imperial as '353 - 530' cubic feet. Dimond Movers International Removals Cost Guide (dimondmovers.uk/international-removals-cost-guide) prints 'Studio/1-bed flat 10-18 m3' in its volume table, and separately in the pricing text 'A 1-bed flat is typically 15-20 m3; a 3-bed home 35-45 m3; a 5-bed home 55-70 m3.' RSL Uluslararasi Nakliyat price list (rsluluslararasinakliyat.com/uluslararasi-evden-eve-nakliyat-fiyatlari/) prints '1+1 15 m3 Esya Tasima Fiyati' at '2.000 - 2.900 EUR'. MoveConnector's volume calculator (moveconnector.com/volume-calculator) prints 'Studio Apartment 8 - 12 CBM' and '1-Bedroom Apartment 15 - 20 CBM'. Low 8 is MoveConnector's studio floor; high 20 is the ceiling shared by Dimond's pricing text and MoveConnector's one bedroom row. The 14 m3 midpoint sits between Sirelo's typical 12 and the Turkish 1+1 convention of 15 m3."},"twobedroom":{"evidence":"Sirelo UK volume calculator prints '2 Bedrooms' with a typical volume of '20' and a range of '18 - 25' m3. Dimond International Removals Cost Guide prints '2-bed house or flat 18-30 m3'. RSL Uluslararasi Nakliyat price list prints '2+1 25 m3 Esya Tasima Fiyati' at '2.500 - 3.900 EUR'. AYS Lojistik's Ingiltere page prints '2+1 Ev Esyasi Tasima' at '25 - 30 m3'. AYS Lojistik's Isvec page prints '2+1 Daire Esya Tasima' at '25 - 35 m3'. MoveConnector prints '2-Bedroom Apartment 25 - 30 CBM'. Low 18 is the floor shared by Sirelo and Dimond; high 35 is the AYS Isvec ceiling. This row is the clearest case of the British and Turkish sizing conventions disagreeing: Sirelo and Dimond both start a two bedroom home at 18 m3, while RSL, both AYS pages and MoveConnector all start a 2+1 at 25 m3, so the band spans both conventions rather than averaging them."},"threebedroom":{"evidence":"Sirelo UK volume calculator prints '3 Bedrooms' with a typical volume of '30' and a range of '28 - 35' m3. Dimond International Removals Cost Guide prints '3-bed house 30-45 m3' in its volume table and 'a 3-bed home 35-45 m3' in the pricing text. RSL Uluslararasi Nakliyat price list prints '3+1 35 m3 Esya Tasima Fiyati' at '3.500 - 4.900 EUR'. AYS Lojistik's Isvec page prints '3+1 ve Uzeri Mustakil Ev' at '40 - 55 m3' and the Ingiltere page prints '3+1 ve Uzeri Buyuk Ev' at '40+ m3'; note that both AYS bands are labelled 3+1 and larger, so their tops are not a pure three bedroom figure. MoveConnector prints '3-Bedroom Villa 45 - 60 CBM', which is likewise a villa rather than a flat. Low 28 is Sirelo's floor. High 60 is MoveConnector's villa ceiling, the largest three bedroom figure any fetched source prints. The 35 m3 midpoint matches RSL's '3+1 35 m3' exactly and sits at the floor of the '35-45 m3' band in Dimond's pricing text."},"fourbedroom":{"evidence":"Sirelo UK volume calculator (sirelo.co.uk/removal-volume-calculator/, page stamped 'Last updated: August 2026') prints 4 Bedrooms '40' typical with range '38 - 45'. RSL Uluslararasi Nakliyat price list (rsluluslararasinakliyat.com/uluslararasi-evden-eve-nakliyat-fiyatlari/) prints '4+1 45 m3 Esya Tasima Fiyati' with the price cell showing only a 'TEKLIF AL' quote button, so the volume is usable and the price is not. Dimond Movers International Removals Cost Guide (dimondmovers.uk/international-removals-cost-guide) prints '4-5 bed house 45-75 m3', a COMBINED 4-and-5-bed band, so its 75 top is not attributable to a 4-bed alone; the same guide's pricing text jumps straight from 'a 3-bed home 35-45 m3' to 'a 5-bed home 55-70 m3' and never states a 4-bed figure on its own. AYS Lojistik's Isvec Esya Tasima Fiyatlari 2026 page prints '3+1 ve Uzeri Mustakil Ev 40 - 55 m3', a band whose 've Uzeri' wording takes in 4+1. Low 38 is Sirelo's floor, the only 4-bed-specific floor any fetched source publishes. High 60 sits above the AYS 55 ceiling and inside Dimond's published 45-75 m3 band, which is the only fetched source that carries a house of this size past 55 m3."},"fiveplusbedroom":{"evidence":"Sirelo UK volume calculator (sirelo.co.uk/removal-volume-calculator/, page stamped 'Last updated: August 2026') prints 5+ Bedrooms '50' typical with range '48 - 60'. Dimond Movers International Removals Cost Guide (dimondmovers.uk/international-removals-cost-guide) prints '4-5 bed house 45-75 m3' in its table and, in the pricing text, 'A 1-bed flat is typically 15-20 m3; a 3-bed home 35-45 m3; a 5-bed home 55-70 m3'. Low 45 is Dimond's table floor, which sits below Sirelo's 48. High 75 is Dimond's table ceiling and the highest figure any fetched source publishes for a home of this size. AYS Lojistik's Isvec Esya Tasima Fiyatlari 2026 page prints '3+1 ve Uzeri Mustakil Ev 40 - 55 m3', a band whose 've Uzeri' wording nominally takes in 5+1, but its 55 top sits below both UK sources, so it does not constrain this band. RSL Uluslararasi Nakliyat's price list stops at '4+1 45 m3 Esya Tasima Fiyati' and publishes no 5+1 row at all, so it does not speak to this band either."}},"customs":{"Turkey":{"clearance":"No official tariff is published. Turkish movers budget EUR 400-EUR 600 for the combined customs-and-documentation line: AYS Lojistik's 2026 international removals price page prints 'gumrukleme ve sigorta masraflari (yaklasik 400 - 600 EUR)' as an amount added on top of the base transport figure, and its Dubai route page itemises 'Gumrukleme ve Evrak Islemleri: 450 EUR' inside a worked 15 m3 sea freight example. ATTRIBUTION CORRECTED ON REFETCH: the 400 to 600 EUR band sits on ayslojistik.com/uluslararasi-evden-eve-nakliyat-fiyatlari-2026, not on the Germany route page this citation previously named; the Germany page carries no euro figure for customs at all and says only 'Ozellikle gumruk vergileri ve ek sigorta primleri bu fiyatlara dahil edilmeyebilir', that is, customs duties and additional insurance premiums may not be included in the quoted prices. Both numbers are mover budget lines rather than a published customs schedule, so treat them as planning proxies.","evidence":"ticaret.gov.tr, Gumruk Islemleri FAQ 'Ev Esyasi Isyeri Nakli Muafiyeti'. Residence condition quoted as 'Turkiye Gumruk Bolgesi disinda en az yirmi dort ay ikamet ettikten sonra'. Arrival window quoted in full as 'kisilerin beraberinde veya gelislerinden once veya alti ay sonraki sure icerisinde getirilip serbest dolasima giris beyaninda bulunulmasi gerekir'. Required documents listed by the page as 'Ikamet nakil belgesi', 'Vukuatli nufus kayit ornegi' and 'Sozlu beyan formuna eklenecek esya listesi'. Note the exact document name: the page prints 'Ikamet nakil belgesi' throughout, not the 'ikametgah nakil belgesi' variant that circulates on mover sites, and the name has been corrected here to match the source. Exclusion quoted in full as 'Tasinabilir alet ve cihazlar haric olmak uzere, bir ticaret veya meslek icabi kullanilacak malzemelerin kullanilmis ev esyasi muafiyeti kapsaminda serbest dolasima girisine izin verilmez'."},"United Kingdom":{"clearance":"The ToR1 application itself is free. Brokerage and documentation are not: overseasremovals-uk.co.uk (article dated Feb 2026) prices customs brokerage services at 'GBP 250 to GBP 600 per shipment' (about EUR 295 to EUR 708) and export documentation and certificates at 'GBP 150 to GBP 400' (about EUR 177 to EUR 472). shipit.co.uk (2026) publishes a lower band under its 'Export Paperwork and Customs Formalities' heading: 'There are charges associated with this service which can range between GBP 45.00 to GBP 250.00 depending on the complexity of your shipment and the oversea destination', about EUR 53 to EUR 295. The two are not directly comparable: shipit bundles export paperwork and customs formalities into one priced service, whereas overseasremovals-uk prices brokerage and documentation as two distinct line items. Sterling conversions use the same GBP 1 = EUR 1.18 rate applied elsewhere in this dataset.","evidence":"GOV.UK 'Transfer of residence to Great Britain' (last updated 12 November 2025) supplies all four substantive conditions quoted above; the page prints the residence condition in full as 'you've been resident outside the UK for at least 12 consecutive months, prior to the date of moving to Great Britain or Northern Ireland', and on the reference number it says 'Make sure you apply for a unique reference number by completing a ToR1 form before your goods are shipped. This should be used on your import declaration.' The guidance states no processing time. Processing time comes instead from movers who file these daily: Seven Seas Worldwide's ToR1 guide states 'ToR1 approval takes anywhere between two and six weeks depending on the accuracy of your application', and adds 'We recommend applying well in advance of your moving date and double-checking every detail and piece of evidence uploaded!'. GB Liners states that against the 14 day figure it cites, 'instead of waiting the stipulated 14 days for a reply, you could be left waiting for as long as 6 weeks during peak moving season', naming that peak as June to September, and reports its own experience as 'During the off peak season, we have seen it take less than 24 hours, however, during the summer peak, it could take as long as 6 weeks.' Neither mover figure is an HMRC service standard; both are trade experience, used here only to size the schedule risk, since GOV.UK itself publishes none."},"Germany":{"clearance":"Form 0350 carries no fee. The nearest published clearance figure for the Turkey to Germany lane is Kolay Parsiyel's cost guide, published 26 July 2026, which prints 'Customs clearance fees range from 80 to 250 euros per shipment for standard commercial goods, depending on the number of tariff lines and the complexity of documentation'. Note that the page prices commercial road freight, partial cargo and full truckload, not household removals, and it is used here only as the closest published figure on the lane. A household Ubersiedlungsgut clearance filed on Formular 0350 is a different transaction, so the 80 to 250 euro band should be read as an order-of-magnitude proxy rather than as a quote for a private move.","evidence":"zoll.de, Fachthemen > Zolle > Zollbefreiungen > Aussertarifliche Zollbefreiung > Ubersiedlungsgut > Voraussetzungen, for all four German-language conditions quoted above; each was checked word for word against the page. The same page carries the form requirement, 'Fur die Beantragung ist die Zollanmeldung nach dem Formular 0350 zu verwenden'. Note the breadcrumb: the path runs through Aussertarifliche Zollbefreiung, and the shorter Zollbefreiungen > Ubersiedlungsgut address returns a 404, so cite the full path. No Stand date is shown on the page. Kolay Parsiyel 'Shipping from Turkey to Germany Cost Guide' (26 July 2026) for the clearance fee band, which it prints as 'Customs clearance fees range from 80 to 250 euros per shipment for standard commercial goods, depending on the number of tariff lines and the complexity of documentation'. That page also notes the A.TR movement certificate route, printing that exporters must produce, 'where required, an A.TR movement certificate or EUR.1 form'; the A.TR is a Customs Union instrument for industrial goods in commercial trade and does not apply to used household effects entering under Ubersiedlungsgut relief, so it is recorded here only to explain why that page prices commercial groupage and full truckload freight rather than a household removal."},"Netherlands":{"clearance":"Not separately published by any source fetched. Turkish movers treat it inconsistently: AYS Lojistik's Netherlands page prices a '2+1 Daire (Ortalama)' household move at '2.800 EUR - 4.200 EUR' and labels that row 'Gumrukleme Dahil', customs clearance included, while My Home Logistic's Netherlands page prices a comparable '2+1 Ev Tasima' of 15 to 20 m3 at '2.800 EUR - 3.800 EUR' and states 'Gumruk vergileri ve ozel sigorta policeleri bu fiyatlara ek olarak hesaplanabilir', that is, customs duties and separate insurance policies may be charged on top of those prices. My Home Logistic adds 'Tekliflerimizde gumrukleme hizmet bedeli genellikle belirtilir; ancak ulkeye ozel cikabilecek ekstra vergiler veya liman masraflari hacme gore ayrica hesaplanabilir', so even where a clearance service fee is quoted, destination taxes and port charges sit outside it. Neither page breaks out a standalone clearance amount, so no Netherlands-specific figure can be carried into the model; the Douane exemption itself costs nothing to claim and the moving company files the declaration.","evidence":"douane.nl, 'Verhuizing naar Nederland' (Spullen verhuizen naar Nederland vanuit een niet EU-land), for all four Dutch-language conditions and the statement that the moving company files the declaration."},"France":{"clearance":"Not published. The Cerfa 10070 declaration is free and no French broker tariff appears on any source fetched. Use the EUR 80-EUR 250 EU road-lane figure as a planning proxy and flag it as a proxy.","evidence":"service-public.gouv.fr fiche F492, 'S'installer en France apres avoir vecu dans un pays hors Union europeenne : quels droits de douane ?' (last updated 19 November 2025, printed on the page as 'Verifie le 19 novembre 2025'), for the quoted conditions, the Cerfa n10070 reference and the two-copy inventory requirement, which the fiche prints as 'Inventaire detaille, estimatif, date et signe (en 2 exemplaires)'. douane.gouv.fr's related fiche confirms the Cerfa 10070 carries 'l'engagement de non cession pour les moyens de transport dans un delai de 12 mois'; that wording appears on the douane.gouv.fr fiche covering the demenagement to France of biens herites, while douane.gouv.fr's main residence-transfer fiche states the same restriction for all goods as 'Vous ne pouvez vous dessaisir (vente ou location, pret, mise en gage, etc.) de vos biens admis en franchise avant un delai de 12 mois a partir de leur date d'entree en France'."},"Sweden":{"clearance":"Not published. The Flyttsaksforsakran carries no fee and no Swedish broker tariff appears on any source fetched. Use the EUR 80-EUR 250 EU road-lane figure as a planning proxy and flag it as a proxy.","evidence":"SOURCING CAVEAT - tullverket.se served only page navigation to the fetcher on three attempts, so the Swedish-language conditions above are quoted from Interdell AB's 'Flytta till Sverige' page, a Swedish mover restating Tullverket's rules, which carries all four conditions verbatim as quoted."},"United Arab Emirates":{"clearance":"No official tariff published. shipit.co.uk's Dubai customs guide states that where an item is treated as new, 'if the original invoice is missing for the new item a fee of USD300 will also be incurred' (about EUR 260), and it applies the same amount to vehicles: 'If original documents are missing then additional costs of USD300 are applied.' The same page warns that examination cannot be prepaid: 'There will be additional costs for any Customs examination, and these aren't able to be prepaid by your international removals company. So, in most shipments there will be costs to pay on arrival.' AYS Lojistik budgets EUR 450 for customs and documentation on the Dubai lane, printing 'Gumrukleme ve Evrak Islemleri: 450 EUR' in a worked 15 m3 sea freight example. Because the guide also states that almost all personal effects shipments imported into Dubai go through a physical inspection or X-Ray, an arrival payment should be budgeted even when the duty exemption is granted.","evidence":"dubaicustoms.gov.ae, Permitted Goods / Customs Duty Exemptions page, for the exemption wording and the 'New personal effects and household items shall not be exempted' exclusion, the own-name and house-furnishing-quantity conditions and the packing list requirement, which the page states as 'The exemption requester shall submit a packing list showing the full contents'. londonmoving.co.uk 'Dubai Customs Clearance for Household Goods' (16 April 2026) for the document set: 'A valid passport copy. If you hold multiple passports, include all of them.'; 'A copy of your UAE residence visa or Emirates ID. If you are arriving on a new visa and your Emirates ID has not been issued yet, your employer's offer letter and entry permit can be used temporarily.'; 'An itemised inventory and packing list. This must list every item in the shipment with reasonable detail.'; 'The original bill of lading (for sea freight) or air waybill (for air freight).'; 'A No Objection Certificate (NOC) from your sponsor or employer.'; and 'A signed power of attorney authorising the customs broker to clear your goods on your behalf.' Dubai Customs' separate Personal Effects Clearance Procedure page carries the 5% customs duty the rule above refers to: 'In case the inspectors find out that these goods are brand new and in commercial quantities, a 5% Customs duty shall be levied thereon.'"}},"modifiers":{"Full packing (professional pack, materials and labour)":{"evidence":"overseasremovals-uk.co.uk (Feb 2026) prints 'professional packing adds 15-30% to your bill'. Cross-checks in absolute terms: the Dimond Movers 2026 international removals cost guide prices full packing for a 3-bed home at GBP 650-GBP 1,100 and a fragile-only option at 'around GBP 280'; shipit.co.uk (2026) prices packing labour at GBP 1750.00 for a 3-bed house, where 'the mover can take up to 2 days to make sure that everything is packed', and GBP 2250.00 for a 4-bed house, which 'will take 2 to 3 days', with smaller moves charged 'GBP 150.00 to GBP 300.00'; MoveHub (updated 20 Feb 2025, about 18 months old, flagged) states that 'Fees for a professional packing/unpacking and loading/unloading service generally start at about GBP 100 (GBP) for half a 20ft container (15 cubic meters), but more cargo means higher prices'."},"Port to port instead of door to door":{"evidence":"overseasremovals-uk.co.uk (Feb 2026) itemises exactly the services a port-to-port quote strips out, listing 'Export documentation and certificates' at GBP 150 to GBP 400, 'Customs brokerage services' at GBP 250 to GBP 600 per shipment, and 'Handling at destination ports' at GBP 200 to GBP 800. Summed, GBP 600-GBP 1,800. Dimond Movers 2026 states the opposite side of the same line: its container prices 'include UK collection, export packing, sea freight, destination port, customs clearance and final delivery', and the guide adds that there are no separate local agent fees on arrival."},"Unpacking and placement at destination":{"evidence":"overseasremovals-uk.co.uk (Feb 2026) lists 'Unpacking/placement: GBP 400-GBP 1,200' and 'Furniture assembly: GBP 150-GBP 600' as separate line items outside the headline price."},"Marine / transit insurance":{"evidence":"MoveHub (updated 20 Feb 2025, about 18 months old, flagged as the oldest source used) publishes 'Removals insurance policies normally cost between 0.6% and 4% of the total declared value of your goods', worked as 'To insure cargo worth GBP 55,000 (the typical value of the contents of a three-bedroom home according to the Association of British Insurers) travelling from the UK to Australia, it would cost between GBP 240 (GBP) to GBP 1,600 (GBP)'. shipit.co.uk (2026) publishes a flat '4% of the total replacement value' under its 'International Moving Insurance' heading, in full: 'Insurance costs are normally calculated at 4% of the total replacement value of your possessions'. overseasremovals-uk.co.uk (Feb 2026) expresses it absolutely instead: 'Comprehensive cover adds GBP 300 to GBP 800 depending on your cargo value'."},"Storage per month (Europe / UK / Turkey leg)":{"evidence":"Dimond Movers 2026 publishes storage at 'GBP 25-GBP 45 per cubic metre per month' at its Crowmarsh Gifford depot (about EUR 30-EUR 53/m3/month at GBP 1 = EUR 1.18). overseasremovals-uk.co.uk (Feb 2026) prices it by shipment instead: 'temporary storage before shipment costs GBP 80 to GBP 150 per week' (about EUR 410-EUR 770 per month). MoveHub (Feb 2025, flagged) says a '100 sq ft storage space (approximately equivalent to the contents of a two-bedroom house) will cost about GBP 100 (GBP) per month in the UK', and adds that costs 'can reach more than USD 200 per month in popular US cities like Los Angeles', which is outside the scope of this dataset."},"Storage per month (Dubai / UAE self storage)":{"evidence":"Sources disagree sharply and the band is widened to span them. Best E-Self Storage 'Self Storage Cost in Dubai 2026: Complete Price Guide' publishes 'Small units (25 to 50 sq ft): AED 199 to AED 450 per month', 'Medium units (50 to 100 sq ft): AED 500 to AED 900 per month' and 'Large units (100 to 200 sq ft): AED 1,000 to AED 1,800 per month', adding that 'Prices depend mostly on size, location, and whether the unit is climate controlled'. Upsleeve Movers 'How Much Does Self Storage Cost In the UAE?' (last updated 28 Apr 2026) publishes higher figures for comparable sizes, indexed by a single square footage per row rather than by a range: small at 25 sq ft 'AED 300-400 per month', medium at 50 sq ft 'AED 900-1,400 per month', large at 75 sq ft 'AED 1,000-1,450 per month', XL at 100 sq ft 'AED 1,000-2,000+ per month' and XXL at 150+ sq ft 'AED 2,500-3,000+ per month'. The medium ceiling of AED 1,400 and the large ceiling of AED 2,000 in the band above are Upsleeve's 50 sq ft and 100 sq ft rows; the floors are Best E-Self Storage's. Note that the Upsleeve page prices the United Arab Emirates as a whole rather than Dubai alone."},"Difficult access (shuttle vehicle, long carry, stairs, no lift)":{"evidence":"Every European and Turkish source fetched names access as a price factor without numbers: SIR Lojistik lists 'kat durumu (asansorlu)' among its pricing factors and My Home Logistic notes 'kat durmasi' can alter the final cost."},"Peak season (June to September)":{"evidence":"overseasremovals-uk.co.uk (Feb 2026): 'Summer peak season increases quotes by 10-20% compared to winter rates.' Turkish movers say the same qualitatively - Almanya Lojistik notes 'Sezon yogunlugu, yaz aylarinda talebin artmasi fiyatlarda dalgalanma yaratabilir' - without a figure. Note this compounds with the UK ToR delay, which GB Liners says also peaks June-September."},"Flexible dates / shared part-load":{"evidence":"Dimond Movers 2026 cost guide: 'Shared part-loads can cut these prices by 25-40% when your dates are flexible by 1-3 weeks.'"},"Air freight instead of road or sea":{"evidence":"Dimond Movers 2026 publishes airfreight at '3-4x sea per cubic metre' for urgent loads and 'roughly GBP 14 per kg for essentials'. Kolay Parsiyel (26 July 2026) publishes Turkey-to-Germany air at 'between 3.50 and 6.50 euros per kilogram' with a 'typical minimum charge of 50 kilograms'. AYS Lojistik's Dubai table prices the 1-5 m3 air option at 'EUR 1.200-2.200' with a '7-15 days' transit."},"Customs clearance and brokerage line":{"evidence":"Kolay Parsiyel (26 July 2026) for the Turkey to Germany lane publishes 'Customs clearance fees range from 80 to 250 euros per shipment for standard commercial goods'; the figure is printed for commercial cargo, not for household effects specifically. overseasremovals-uk.co.uk (Feb 2026) for the UK lists 'Customs brokerage services' at 'GBP 250 to GBP 600 per shipment' and 'Export documentation and certificates' at 'GBP 150 to GBP 400'. shipit.co.uk (2026) publishes a lower figure under its 'Export Paperwork and Customs Formalities' heading: 'There are charges associated with this service which can range between GBP 45.00 to GBP 250.00 depending on the complexity of your shipment and the oversea destination'. AYS Lojistik budgets 'Gumrukleme ve Evrak Islemleri: 450 EUR' in the worked example on its 2026 Dubai page, and warns that 'Fiyatlar liman vergileri, gumrukleme islemleri, sigorta policesi detaylarina bagli olarak degisiklik gosterebilir'."}}}}